Stability of switched systems with admissible switching signals

In this paper, stability of switched systems is investigated for a class of switching signals which meet some admissibility conditions. Firstly, the admissible edge-dependent divergence time is defined in terms of admissible transition edges and it will vary with the compensation bounds. Then the admissible edge-dependent bounded maximum average dwell time (BMADT) is imposed on switching signals. As a result, a sufficient condition is obtained for globally uniformly exponential stability of switched nonlinear systems with such switching signals. Secondly, by setting the equal compensation bounds for the same reaching subsystems, the mode-dependent divergence time is defined, and then the mode-dependent BMADT is proposed. A stability condition under the mode-dependent BMADT is established. These stability results are then applied to switched linear systems. The numerical example is presented to show that the proposed techniques are less restrictive and more flexible in application, compared with the BMADT.

Basketball’s Black Tax? An Examination of Historically Black College and University Men’s Basketball Guarantee Game Compensation

Guarantee games are among the most important revenue streams for historically Black college and university (HBCU) intercollegiate athletics departments. Some scholars, however, have critiqued these games and even questioned their legality. This study examined the contracts of guarantee games in men’s basketball to assess whether HBCUs and non-HBCUs are equally compensated for their participation in these games. The findings point to the existence of a basketball “Black tax” where HBCUs are not given equal compensation for their participation in men’s college basketball guarantee games. The authors discuss the implications of this inequality along with recommendations for future research.

Equality at Work and Discrimination in Employment and Occupation

The aim of this paper is to give some general views on international labour standards, regarding equality of opportunity and treatment. It is important to mention that respecting freedom from discrimination, as a fundamental human right, places a great importance in guaranteeing other rights for workers. Equality standards applied by ILO provide methods which aim to fight against discrimination in society and in the workplace of the employers. One part of this paper is focused in analyzing the term “discrimination”, focusing in different forms that can occur at work, the target group which it can affect and measures that can be taken in order to provide equality at work. This paper analyses the scope and the obligations under ILO instruments, such as three fundamental conventions. One of the most important conventions is the convention concerning discrimination regarding occupation and employment, “Discrimination Employment and Occupation” Convention nr. 111. This fundamental convention represents discrimination as every different treatment which has effect on equality of creating same possibilities for everyone in occupation or employment. According to this legal act, it is mandatory the implementation of a national legislation which promotes equality of treatment and opportunity, regarding occupation and employment in general, designed to eliminate all types of different treatment in these fields. This paper is focused especially on analyzing the “Workers with Family Responsibilities” Convention, 1981, which refers to standards on equal treatment and opportunities for both women and men workers. “Workers with Family Responsibilities” Convention, applies to workers with such responsibilities, which restrict their possibilities to involve in an economic activity. The purpose is to provide an effective implementation of standards related to equality of treatment and opportunity for both women and men workers, in order to guarantee free choice of employment to help workers which have family responsibilities and to take into consideration their needs. Furthermore in this paper will be identified the methods that governments should apply, which aim to provide the application of the standard of equal compensation for workers, according to “Equal Remuneration” Convention, 1951 (No. 100).

Characterization of Ge-Doped Homoepitaxial Layers Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition

We have investigated the electrical properties of n-type 4H-SiC in-situ germanium-doped homoepitaxial layers grown by chemical vapor deposition. Germanium is an isoelectronic impurity and, therefore, not expected to contribute to the conductivity. However, Hall effect measurements taken on samples with and without germanium revealed an enhanced mobility by a factor of ≈2 at T ≈ 55 K in the germanium-doped sample despite equal free electron concentration and equal compensation. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements taken on germanium-doped samples reveal negative peaks indicating the presence of charged extended defects.