The social reproduction of labour in the context of the work of women: Past and present

After the primary role that Gordon Childe assigned to women in prehistory in both the beginnings of agriculture and cattle-domestication, women have been placed at an inferior position in both the realms of production and consumption. Even when they were employed in factories after the Industrial Revolution, they were paid much lower wages than men workers. As Marx pointed out, however, wages have to cover the entire family expenses, and, on this count, wage-levels in colonial countries, even after ‘decolonisation’, have not reached appropriate levels. In colonial India, owing both to tribute and free trade, Indian labouring women, for example, spinners, suffered very grievous hardship. Today it is essential that poverty-lines should be raised and minimum wages adjusted to subsistence needs.

Physical activity and ability to meet different work requirements among adult working men with or without current depressive symptoms

Purpose To examine the relationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and ability to meet different work requirements among adult working men with or without current depressive symptoms. Methods We measured LTPA with the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The Work Ability Index (WAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess the work ability and depression of 921 Finnish employed male volunteers. Participants were divided into three groups according to the WAI for their work requirements: mental (MENT), physical (PHYS), and an equal amount of mental and physical work (BTH). Results When adjusted for age, BMI and employment years, there was a significant difference in weekly LTPA between WAI groups {p = 0.003, [F (2902) = 5.58]}, but not for depression. It appeared that participants with depressive symptoms scored lower WAI in each group regardless of LTPA. In addition, a linear relationship was found between higher LTPA and WAI in nondepressed workers in the PHYS [p = 0.011, β = 0.10 (95% CI 0.03–0.18)] and BTH [p = 0.027, β = 0.19 (95% CI 0.03–0.34)] groups. Among workers with depressive symptoms, similar linearity was found in BTH [p = 0.003, β = 0.20 (95% CI 0.03–0.55)]. In group-wise comparison, work requirements {p = 0.001, [F (2902) = 11.2]} and depressive symptoms {p < 0.001, [F (1902) = 177.0]} related with lower WAI. Conclusion Depressive symptoms were associated with lower work ability regardless of the job description. Therefore, higher levels of weekly LTPA was linked with better work ability among nondepressed working men. Workers with depressive symptoms in jobs that require extensive mental or physical work might need more than exercise to improve work ability.

Assessment of health and mental pecularities of male smokers in comparison with never smokers (population study)

Introduction. Smokers are known to have the mortality rate to be higher than never-smokers. At the same time a refusal from smoking in prevention programs did not make a prognosis better. Smoking may be associated with some social disadvantages, which can also influence health negatively. Testing of this hypothesis which had been made earlier on the population of the enterprise workers proved significant disparities in the way of life and mental features of smokers in comparison with never-smokers. Aim. The aim of present work is to study the health and mental features of male smokers in comparison with never-smokers. Material and methods. 1059 men - workers of metallurgical plant, 35-60 years old, were examined. Response rate of 92.3% makes sample general. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, height, weight, resting pulse rate were taken by standard methods. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as a ratio of weight (kg) to height in square (m2). Men were divided into two groups: 132 heavy smokers (≥20 cigarettes/day) and 403 never-smokers. Results. There was no difference between the groups in age and non-communicative diseases prevalence. At the same time smokers had more often symptoms of psychological disadvantage, people with insufficient BMI and had lower education. Conclusion. Heavy smokers are characterized with less favorable indices of mental status, more often insufficient BMI and lower education level in comparison with never smokers. Health promoting actions among smokers should include the correction of way of life parameters non favorable for health.

Assessment of health and mental pecularities of male smokers in comparison with never smokers (population study)

Introduction. Smokers are known to have the mortality rate to be higher than never-smokers. At the same time a refusal from smoking in prevention programs did not make a prognosis better. Smoking may be associated with some social disadvantages, which can also influence health negatively. Testing of this hypothesis which had been made earlier on the population of the enterprise workers proved significant disparities in the way of life and mental features of smokers in comparison with never-smokers. Aim. The aim of present work is to study the health and mental features of male smokers in comparison with never-smokers. Material and methods. 1059 men - workers of metallurgical plant, 35-60 years old, were examined. Response rate of 92.3% makes sample general. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, height, weight, resting pulse rate were taken by standard methods. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as a ratio of weight (kg) to height in square (m2). Men were divided into two groups: 132 heavy smokers (≥20 cigarettes/day) and 403 never-smokers. Results. There was no difference between the groups in age and non-communicative diseases prevalence. At the same time smokers had more often symptoms of psychological disadvantage, people with insufficient BMI and had lower education. Conclusion. Heavy smokers are characterized with less favorable indices of mental status, more often insufficient BMI and lower education level in comparison with never smokers. Health promoting actions among smokers should include the correction of way of life parameters non favorable for health.

Gender-Specific Association between Emotional Labor and Health-Promoting Behavior in Call Center Workers

Background: This study aimed to examine whether emotional labor was significantly associated with health-promoting behaviors among both women and men at call center workers.Methods: A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted among 709 workers (470 women and 239 men) at K call center workplace in Seoul, South Korea. Emotional labor and health-promoting behaviors were measured using the Emotional Labor and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II).Results: Of all the call center workers, the average score of emotional labor was 3.5 out of 5.0. Women had a higher average emotional labor score (3.6 points) than men (3.5 points). The average score of health-promoting behaviors was 2.0 out of 4.0 in the overall workers and each group of women and men workers, respectively. Emotional labor was significantly associated with health-promoting behaviors among each group of women and men. Among women workers, emotional labor was significantly negatively associated with the spiritual growth and stress management subscales of the HPLP-II, while among men workers, it was significantly negatively associated with all HPLP-II subscales.Conclusions: Emotional labor may be associated with health-promoting behaviors and its associations with the subscales of health-promoting behaviors may differ by gender. Therefore, nursing strategies for reducing emotional labor should be concerned in the context of gender-specific associations with emotional labor.

Gender Stereotypes in Occupational Pattern

The paper hypothesizes to examine the ‘Exclusion’ phenomenon for women workers in Indian labour market through gendered occupational segregation and ‘Inclusion’ of women in low productivity and low skilled jobs as a result of adverse incorporation based on stereotypes and discriminatory practices prevalent in the society. The gendered division of work space in Indian economy is evident from the disaggregated study of occupational employment patterns and relative educational qualification of employed men and women. The National Sample Survey (NSS) Employment-Unemployment unit level data (68th Round, 2011-12) is used for the analysis. It is observed that women employment in low productivity jobs is partially a result of their low education level as compared to men workers. However, this is only a part of the answer and the circle of low productivity jobs and low education levels of women is nurtured by the stereotypical foundations of the patriarchal system.

Strategi Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Laki-Laki pada Industri Rambut Palsu di Kabupaten Purbalingga

Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis SWOT, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu apa faktor internal dan eksternal untuk mempromosikan penyerapan tenaga kerja laki-laki di sektor pengolahan rambut palsu. Studi ini juga menganalisis terkait strategi yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan penyerapan tenaga kerja laki-laki di sektor ini. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 97 responden yang merupakan pekerja laki-laki yang saat ini bekerja di bagian pengolahan rambut palsu. Kemudian, responden ahli dalam penelitian ini adalah industri pengolahan rambut palsu dan Departemen Tenaga Kerja Purbalingga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor Evaluasi Faktor Internal (IFE) adalah 2,3597. Sedangkan skor Evaluasi Faktor Eksternal (EFE) adalah 3,1229. Ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi internal untuk meningkatkan penyerapan tenaga kerja laki-laki di sektor industri pengolahan rambut palsu masuk ke kategori sedang. Sedangkan kondisi eksternal untuk meningkatkan penyerapan tenaga kerja laki-laki di sektor industri pengolahan rambut palsu masuk ke dalam kategori tinggi. Jadi arah strategis penyerapan tenaga kerja laki-laki di sektor industri pengolahan rambut palsu yang berada di divisi dua. Yaitu dalam pertumbuhan dan fase pembangunan yang dapat ditingkatkan dengan konsentrasi melalui integrasi horizontal This research Using the SWOT analysis, this study seeks to find out what are the strategic factors internal and external to promote absorption of men in fake hair processing sector. This study also attempts to analyze the strategies that can be done to increase the absorption of men labor in the sector. The sample in this study amounted to 97 respondents who are men workers who are currently worked in the fake hair processing. Then, the expert respondents in this study is the fake hair processing industry and Purbalingga labor department. The results showed that the score of the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) is 2,3597. While the score of External Factor Evaluation (EFE) is 3,1229. This indicates that the internal conditions for increasing absorption of men labor in the fake hair processing industry sector into the medium category. While the external conditions for increasing absorption of men labor in the fake hair processing industry sector into the high category. So the strategic direction of the absorption of male labor in the fake hair processing industry sector that are in division two. That is in a growth and a building phase which can be improved by concentration through horizontal integration.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WANITA KARIER DALAM POLA ASUH PENDIDIKAN ANAK DI KOTA PONTIANAK

In the globalization Era, it is word wide accepted that the total of carier women is significant in numbers, in accordance with Educational level, they could have important, positions. They could work in many areas, even higher than men workers. Thus, this is be coming challenges for married and carier women as well raising children. Current research entitles analysis of determinant factors of carier women on raising children pattern in Pontianak. Carier women and having chidren are charged as research respondens and as many as 6o respondents randomly taken, as others criterions working in private sectors, single carier maried women with children. Linier regression analysis is used to analyze the data, the findings showed that, the internal factors show a strong significant factor to affect the carier women on raising children pattern 73,9%, while 26,1% was inflrenced by the external factors. Statistical output also described that women level educations plays crucial role in raising chidren pattern.