Model Permintaan dan Peran Stakeholder untuk Meningkatkan Muatan General Cargo Angkutan Pelayaran Rakyat

AbstrakPelayaran Rakyat (Pelra) adalah bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari sistem transportasi laut di Indonesia, khususnya dalam distribusi logistik di wilayah kepulauan. Saat ini eksistensi Pelra terancam karena ketidakmampuannya bersaing dengan armada pelayaran nasional, di tengah kebijakan untuk meningkatkan konektivitas melalui program Tol Laut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memprediksi permintaan muatan general cargo dan menganalisis peran stakeholder dalam peningkatan muatan angkutan Pelra. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan muatan Pelra di lokasi penelitian yaitu Pelabuhan Paotere (Makassar), Pelabuhan Tenau (Kupang), Pelabuhan Batu Merah (Ambon), Pelabuhan Bastiong (Ternate), dan Pelabuhan Angrem (Manokwari). Pangsa (share) muatan yang diangkut oleh armada Pelra sangat minim dan tiap tahun mengalami penurunan. Beberapa upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh stakeholder antara lain: 1). Penerbitan Peraturan Presiden tentang Pemberdayaan Pelayaran Rakyat; 2). Pemberian subsidi agar mampu bersaing dengan armada pelayaran nasional; 3). Kerjasama antara Pemerintah Daerah, Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN), Bulog, dan Asosiasi Pelra untuk distribusi barang pada wilayah terpencil dan perbatasan; 4). Peningkatan kemampuan pembangunan kapal yang tidak hanya terbatas pada kayu namun juga bahan baja dan Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC); 5). Penyesuaian trayek/rute kapal Pelra dengan trayek/rute kapal Tol Laut, perintis, dan kapal niaga sehingga terjadi integrasi jaringan; 6). Peningkatan standar pembuatan kapal Pelra dan penyesuaian dengan standar PT. Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (BKI); 7). Pengembangan prototipe kapal Pelra yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi perairan baik kapal barang, kapal ternak, maupun kapal wisata; 8). Pemberian kemudahan memperoleh modal dan asuransi; 9). Penerbitan Peraturan tentang Konsesi Hutan Tanaman Kayu Ulin untuk Industri Kapal Pelra.Kata kunci: General Cargo, Kapal, Pelayaran Rakyat, Transportasi Laut.AbstractDemand Model and the Role of Stakeholders to Increase General Cargo on Traditional Shipping: Tradisional shipping (Pelra) is an integral part of the marine transportation system in Indonesia, especially in logistics distribution in archipelagic areas. Currently, Pelra’s existence is threatened because of its inability to compete with the national shipping fleet, amidst the national policy to improve connectivity through the Sea Tollway program. The purpose of this paper is to predict the demand for general cargo and analyze the role of stakeholders in increasing Traditional Shipping cargo. The results of the analysis showed that there was a decline in the traditional shipping cargo at the research sites, including the Port of Paotere (Makassar), Port of Tenau (Kupang), Port of Batu Merah (Ambon), Port of Bastiong (Ternate), and Port of Angrem (Manokwari). The share of cargo distributed by Traditional Shipping is very minimal and has decreased every year. Some of the efforts that can be made by the stakeholders include: 1). Issuance of Presidential Decree on Empowerment of Traditional Shipping; 2). Providing subsidies to be able to compete with the national shipping fleet; 3). Collaboration between the Regional Government, BUMN, Bulog, and Traditional Shipping Association for the distribution of goods in remote and border areas; 4). Improving the ability to build ships that are not only limited to wood but also steel and Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) materials; 5). Adjustment of traditional shipping route of the ship to the route of the Sea Tollway, pioneer and commercial vessels to develop network integration; 6). Improving the standard for the manufacture of Traditional Shipping vessel and adjusting to PT. Biro KIasifikasi Indonesia (BKI) standards; 7). Development of prototypes of Traditional Shipping vessel that is adapted to the conditions of the waters both cargo, livestock, and tourist vessels; 8). Provision of facilities to obtain capital and insurance; 9). Issuance of Regulations concerning Ironwood Forest Concessions for the Traditional Shipping Industry.Keywords: General Cargo, Ship, Traditional Shipping, Sea Transportation.

Capitalism Penetration and Ecological Degradation in South Kalimantan: A Historical Sociology Perspective

This article analyses the relationship between capitalism penetration and growing ecological degradation in South Kalimantan. Capitalism is manifested through excessive logging and the conversion of tropical rainforests into oil palm plantations, a practice that has been rampant since the New Order era. During the President Soeharto in office, natural resources were exploited extensively under the pretext of national development by granting forest concessions to private and state-owned companies. Continuing land clearing and concession burdens of up to 50 percent are the causes of the ecological disaster that occurred in South Kalimantan. The heavy flood phenomenon that happened in January 2021 reflects a long history of capitalism penetration on estate business rooted since the 1980s, when Forest Concession Rights holders began to intensively deforest. This fact is authoritatively opposed by some businessmen who claim that the issue of deforestation is deliberately raised as a trade policy strategy for developed countries. By using a sociological historical approach, it traces the roots of capitalism penetration and looks at to what extent of its influence to the ecological balance in South Kalimantan. Ironically, local communities also take part to strengthen the capitalism chain.

Caractérisation structurale des peuplements naturels de Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC dans les concessions forestières du Sud-Ouest de la République Centrafricaine

L’objectif de cette étude est d’apporter des informations scientifiques nécessaires à la préservation et gestion durable de Khaya anthotheca dans le sud-ouest de la République Centrafricaine via l’amélioration des connaissances sur son écologie. Pour y parvenir, des inventaires forestiers ont été effectués dans les Permis d’Exploitation et d’Aménagement (PEA) des entreprises forestières CentraBois (PEA 192) et Timberland (PEA188). Pour toutes les caractéristiques dendrométriques calculées en fonction des concessions et des classes de diamètre, le PEA 188 de Timberland est largement dominant. La densité moyenne des individus adultes est de 0,10 pieds/ha sur le PEA 192 et de 12 pieds/ha sur le PEA 188 avec le même coefficient de variation (cv) de 112,7%. La surface terrière (m2/ha) varie de 0,86 sur le PEA 192 à 3,78 sur le PEA 188 avec des cv respectifs de 60,2% et 66,4%. La densité de régénération moyenne varie de 3,52 plants/ha sur le PEA 192 à 12,19 plants/ha sur le PEA 188. Les courbes dendrométriques sont exponentielles décroissantes dans les deux concessions. Des travaux de recherches sur la régénération artificielle de K. anthotheca sont importantes pour définir des mesures de préservation dans ces zones.Mots clés : Concessions forestières, inventaires, régénération, gestion durable. English Title: Structural characterisation of natural populations of Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC in the forest concessions of South-West of Central African RepublicThe objective of this study is to provide scientific information necessary for the preservation and sustainable management of Khaya anthotheca in the south-west of the Central African Republic by improving knowledge of its ecology. To achieve this, forest inventories were carried out in the Logging and Management Permits (PEA) of the forestry companies CentraBois (PEA 192) and Timberland (PEA188). For all dendrometric characteristics calculated according to concessions and diameter classes, Timberland's PEA 188 is largely dominant. The average density of adult individuals is 0.10 tree/ha on PEA 192 and 12 tree/ha on PEA 188 with the same coefficient of variation (CV) of 112.7%. The basal area (m2/ha) varies from 0.86 on PEA 192 to 3.78 on PEA 188 with respective coefficient of variation of 60.2% and 66.4%. The average regeneration density varies from 3.52 plant/ha on the PEA 192 to 12.19 plant/ha on the PEA 188. The dendrometric curves are exponentially decreasing in both concessions. Research on artificial regeneration of K. anthotheca is important to define preservation measures in these areas.Keywords: Forest concessions, inventories, regeneration, sustainable management.