Model Permintaan dan Peran Stakeholder untuk Meningkatkan Muatan General Cargo Angkutan Pelayaran Rakyat

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Windra Priatna Humang

AbstrakPelayaran Rakyat (Pelra) adalah bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari sistem transportasi laut di Indonesia, khususnya dalam distribusi logistik di wilayah kepulauan. Saat ini eksistensi Pelra terancam karena ketidakmampuannya bersaing dengan armada pelayaran nasional, di tengah kebijakan untuk meningkatkan konektivitas melalui program Tol Laut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memprediksi permintaan muatan general cargo dan menganalisis peran stakeholder dalam peningkatan muatan angkutan Pelra. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan muatan Pelra di lokasi penelitian yaitu Pelabuhan Paotere (Makassar), Pelabuhan Tenau (Kupang), Pelabuhan Batu Merah (Ambon), Pelabuhan Bastiong (Ternate), dan Pelabuhan Angrem (Manokwari). Pangsa (share) muatan yang diangkut oleh armada Pelra sangat minim dan tiap tahun mengalami penurunan. Beberapa upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh stakeholder antara lain: 1). Penerbitan Peraturan Presiden tentang Pemberdayaan Pelayaran Rakyat; 2). Pemberian subsidi agar mampu bersaing dengan armada pelayaran nasional; 3). Kerjasama antara Pemerintah Daerah, Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN), Bulog, dan Asosiasi Pelra untuk distribusi barang pada wilayah terpencil dan perbatasan; 4). Peningkatan kemampuan pembangunan kapal yang tidak hanya terbatas pada kayu namun juga bahan baja dan Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC); 5). Penyesuaian trayek/rute kapal Pelra dengan trayek/rute kapal Tol Laut, perintis, dan kapal niaga sehingga terjadi integrasi jaringan; 6). Peningkatan standar pembuatan kapal Pelra dan penyesuaian dengan standar PT. Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (BKI); 7). Pengembangan prototipe kapal Pelra yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi perairan baik kapal barang, kapal ternak, maupun kapal wisata; 8). Pemberian kemudahan memperoleh modal dan asuransi; 9). Penerbitan Peraturan tentang Konsesi Hutan Tanaman Kayu Ulin untuk Industri Kapal Pelra.Kata kunci: General Cargo, Kapal, Pelayaran Rakyat, Transportasi Laut.AbstractDemand Model and the Role of Stakeholders to Increase General Cargo on Traditional Shipping: Tradisional shipping (Pelra) is an integral part of the marine transportation system in Indonesia, especially in logistics distribution in archipelagic areas. Currently, Pelra’s existence is threatened because of its inability to compete with the national shipping fleet, amidst the national policy to improve connectivity through the Sea Tollway program. The purpose of this paper is to predict the demand for general cargo and analyze the role of stakeholders in increasing Traditional Shipping cargo. The results of the analysis showed that there was a decline in the traditional shipping cargo at the research sites, including the Port of Paotere (Makassar), Port of Tenau (Kupang), Port of Batu Merah (Ambon), Port of Bastiong (Ternate), and Port of Angrem (Manokwari). The share of cargo distributed by Traditional Shipping is very minimal and has decreased every year. Some of the efforts that can be made by the stakeholders include: 1). Issuance of Presidential Decree on Empowerment of Traditional Shipping; 2). Providing subsidies to be able to compete with the national shipping fleet; 3). Collaboration between the Regional Government, BUMN, Bulog, and Traditional Shipping Association for the distribution of goods in remote and border areas; 4). Improving the ability to build ships that are not only limited to wood but also steel and Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) materials; 5). Adjustment of traditional shipping route of the ship to the route of the Sea Tollway, pioneer and commercial vessels to develop network integration; 6). Improving the standard for the manufacture of Traditional Shipping vessel and adjusting to PT. Biro KIasifikasi Indonesia (BKI) standards; 7). Development of prototypes of Traditional Shipping vessel that is adapted to the conditions of the waters both cargo, livestock, and tourist vessels; 8). Provision of facilities to obtain capital and insurance; 9). Issuance of Regulations concerning Ironwood Forest Concessions for the Traditional Shipping Industry.Keywords:  General Cargo, Ship, Traditional Shipping, Sea Transportation.

2017 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ferretti ◽  
Andrea Incerti ◽  
Barbara Ferracuti ◽  
Claudio Mazzotti

The use of fiber reinforced composite materials for the retrofitting of existing masonry buildings is investigated in this paper. Indeed, they represent a great alternative to traditional strengthening techniques for the improvement of the seismic performance of masonry walls. Focusing on the in-plane behavior of masonry, an experimental campaign is here presented with the objective of studying the efficiency of different strengthening solutions. Diagonal compression tests were conducted on single-leaf masonry panels reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) using different fibers typologies and layouts. Glass or carbon fiber grids embedded in a lime-based mortar matrix were applied on one or both sides of masonry panels, with or without mechanical anchorages. The comparison of the different strengthening techniques is analyzed in terms of failure mode, strength and ductility. The results are then discussed considering the provisions and design formula proposed for FRP strengthening by the Italian CNR Guidelines.


2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-307
Author(s):  
Carey F. Childers

Abstract Tires are fabricated using single ply fiber reinforced composite materials, which consist of a set of aligned stiff fibers of steel material embedded in a softer matrix of rubber material. The main goal is to develop a mathematical model to determine the local stress and strain fields for this isotropic fiber and matrix separated by a linearly graded transition zone. This model will then yield expressions for the internal stress and strain fields surrounding a single fiber. The fields will be obtained when radial, axial, and shear loads are applied. The composite is then homogenized to determine its effective mechanical properties—elastic moduli, Poisson ratios, and shear moduli. The model allows for analysis of how composites interact in order to design composites which gain full advantage of their properties.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Rosa Reyes ◽  
Karla Rosa Reyes ◽  
Adriana Pavia Sanders ◽  
Lee Taylor Massey ◽  
Corinne Hagan ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 100663
Author(s):  
Karamat Subhani ◽  
Xing Jin ◽  
Peter J. Mahon ◽  
Alan Kin Tak Lau ◽  
Nisa V. Salim

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