Nucleon

The force here is the nuclear force binding the nuclei together. A magnetic dipole has the energy given by -13.6*2*n^2[3]. A particle with n=822 is a magnetic dipole with magnetic quantum number m=1,2,3,… so that -18.3786Mev*m is an energy/mass which we may associate with the nucleus. The relativistic correction 2[4] is required showing that the dipole velocity is near c. The nuclei are bound with particles of mass 18Mev consisting of 6 magnetic dipoles each. The binding energy tracks very well with Z-1 particles where Z is the atomic number of the element. The particle is named a Nucleon after the manner of graviton and should not be confused with the common name for a nuclear particle (proton or neutron).

Effects of Interface Roughness and Lattice Strain on Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Co/Pd Multilayer

The effects of strain and interface roughness at the Co/Pd interface are investigated from the viewpoint of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) using the DV-Xα cluster model calculation method. It is found that spin projected occupation number ratio of magnetic quantum number |m| = 2 for the Co 3d electrons enhances by expanding the lattice within a close-packed plane of fcc stacking and, hence, enhances the PMA. Rough interface decreases the spin projected occupation number ratio of |m| = 2 and, hence, decreases the PMA. These results explain the PMA properties of Co/Pd multilayers fabricated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique and RF sputtering techniques.