(What) Can Deep Learning Contribute to Theoretical Linguistics?

Deep learning (DL) techniques have revolutionised artificial systems’ performance on myriad tasks, from playing Go to medical diagnosis. Recent developments have extended such successes to natural language processing, an area once deemed beyond such systems’ reach. Despite their different goals (technological development vs. theoretical insight), these successes have suggested that such systems may be pertinent to theoretical linguistics. The competence/performance distinction presents a fundamental barrier to such inferences. While DL systems are trained on linguistic performance, linguistic theories are aimed at competence. Such a barrier has traditionally been sidestepped by assuming a fairly close correspondence: performance as competence plus noise. I argue this assumption is unmotivated. Competence and performance can differ arbitrarily. Thus, we should not expect DL models to illuminate linguistic theory.

Validation of a Wireless Sensor System for the Estimation of Cumulative Lumbar Loads in Occupational Settings

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of 3D L5/S1 moment estimates from a wearable inertial motioncapture system during manual lifting tasks. Reference L5/S1 moments were calculated using inversedynamics bottom-up and top-down laboratory models, based on the data from a measurement systemcomprising optical motion capture and force plates. Nine groups of four subjects performed tasks consistingof lifting and lowering 10 lbs. load with three different heights and asymmetry angles. As a measure ofsystem performance, the root means square errors and absolute peak errors between models werecompared. Also, repeated measures analyses of variance were calculated comparing the means and theabsolute peaks of the estimated moments. The results suggest that most of the estimates obtained from thewireless sensor system are in close correspondence when comparing the means, and more variability isobserved when comparing peak values to other models calculating estimates of L5/S1 moments.

Comparative Analysis of Super-Kamiokande Solar Neutrino Measurements and Geological Survey of Israel Radon Decay Measurements

Analyses of neutrino measurements acquired by the Super-Kamiokande Neutrino Observatory (SK, in operation 1996–2001) and radon decay measurements acquired by the Geological Survey of Israel (GSI, in operation 2007–2017) yield strikingly similar detections of an oscillation with frequency 9.43 ± 0.04 year−1 (SK), 9.44 ± 0.04 year−1 (GSI); amplitude 6.8 ± 1.7% (SK), 7.0 ± 1.0% (GSI); and phase 124 ± 15° (SK), 124 ± 9° (GSI). This remarkably close correspondence supports the proposition that neutrinos may somehow influence nuclear decays. It is interesting to note that an oscillation at this frequency has also been reported by (Alexeyev EN, Gavrilyuk YM, Gangapshev AM, Phys Particles Nuclei, 2018 49(4):557–62) in the decay of 214Po. The physical process responsible for this influence of neutrinos on nuclear processes is currently unknown. Related oscillations in GSI data at 7.45 ± 0.03 year−1 and 8.46 ± 0.03 year−1 suggest that these three oscillations are attributable to a solar core that rotates with a sidereal rotation rate of 8.44 ± 0.03 year−1 about an axis almost orthogonal to that of the convection zone. We briefly discuss possible implications of these results.

Metallic Means : Beyond the Golden Ratio, New Mathematics and Geometry of all Metallic Ratios based upon Right Triangles, The Formation of the Triples of Metallic Means, And their Classical Correspondence with Pythagorean Triples and p≡1(mod 4) Primes, A

This paper brings together the newly discovered generalised geometry of all Metallic Means and the recently published mathematical formulae those provide the precise correlations between different Metallic Ratios. The paper also puts forward the concept of the “Triples of Metallic Means”. This work also introduces the close correspondence between Metallic Ratios and the Pythagorean Triples as well as Pythagorean Primes. Moreover, this work illustrates the intriguing relationship between Metallic Numbers and the Digits 3 6 9.

Systems consolidation, transformation and reorganization: Multiple Trace Theory, Trace Transformation Theory and their Competitors

We review the literature on systems consolidation by providing a brief history of the field to place the current research in proper perspective. We cover the literature on both humans and non-humans, which are highly related despite the differences in techniques and tasks that are used. We argue that understanding the interactions between hippocampus and neocortex (and other structures) that underlie systems consolidation, depend on appreciating the close correspondence between psychological and neural representations of memory, as postulated by Multiple Trace Theory and Trace Transformation Theory. We end by evaluating different theories of systems consolidation in light of the evidence we reviewed and suggest that the concept of systems consolidation, with its central concern with the time-limited role the hippocampus plays in memory, may have outlived its usefulness. We suggest replacing it with a program of research on the psychological processes and neural mechanisms that underlie changes in memory across the lifetime – a natural history of memory change.

Exploring Links between Complexity Constructs and Children’s Knowledge Formation: Implications for Science Learning

This essay brings together two lines of work—that of children’s cognition and that of complexity science. These two lines of work have been linked repeatedly in the past, including in the field of science education. Nevertheless, questions remain about how complexity constructs can be used to support children’s learning. This uncertainty is particularly troublesome given the ongoing controversy about how to promote children’s understanding of scientifically valid insights. We therefore seek to specify the knowledge–complexity link systematically. Our approach started with a preliminary step—namely, to consider issues of knowledge formation separately from issues of complexity. To this end, we defined central characteristics of knowledge formation (without considerations of complexity), and we defined central characteristics of complex systems (without considerations of cognition). This preliminary step allowed us to systematically explore the degree of alignment between these two lists of characteristics. The outcome of this analysis revealed a close correspondence between knowledge truisms and complexity constructs, though to various degrees. Equipped with this insight, we derive complexity answers to open questions relevant to science learning.

Method of adjusting fuel equipment of a diesel locomotive by heat release feature under operating conditions

Diesel engines supply mechanical power to almost half of the locomotives of the Russian railways. To ensure the passport characteristics of a diesel locomotive during the entire period of operation, periodic adjustment of the fuel supply equipment is required. When adjusting it, it is necessary to ensure the balance of power between the diesel cylinders while not exceeding the protective parameters for the maximum combustion pressure and the temperature of the exhaust gases. This is achieved due to the identity of the cyclic fuel supply through the diesel cylinders and the close correspondence of the fuel supply advance angles between different cylinders. Existing methods of tuning the fuel supply equipment don’t allow performing the adjustment with the required accuracy or are too complicated and laborious to implement. This article proposes theoretically substantiated and experimentally tested method for adjusting the cyclic supply and the fuel supply advance angle based on the results of measuring the pressure in the cylinder through a standard indicator channel under operating conditions. The indicator diagram is used to calculate the characteristics of active heat release, which are used to determine the relative parameters featuring the state of the fuel supply equipment. The performed computational study showed that the proposed parameters are equivalent to the relative cyclic fuel supply and the relative advance angle of the fuel supply. An experimental check, carried out on a single-cylinder compartment of OCH18/22 engine with hydromechanical fuel equipment, showed the possibility of adjusting the fuel supply equipment by the proposed method with satisfactory accuracy.

Heritage Sites and Video Games: Questions of Authenticity and Immersion

Can video games afford authentic heritage experiences, comparable to physical visits to a heritage site? How is authenticity of historical settings related to the player’s immersion? This article explores these questions by looking at the notions of experience and authenticity in tourism/heritage studies and the experience economy and mapping them onto the layers of game immersion. As both video games and site visitation are user-centred designed experiences, they share most of their experiential dimensions: five strategic experiential modules (SEMs) (sense, feel, think, act and relate). Linked through the SEMs, five forms of heritage authenticity reveal close correspondence with five (out of six) dimensions of game immersion/involvement. Therefore, player’s perception of heritage authenticity in historical settings seems to be intertwined with immersion/incorporation. The dual framework of authenticity/immersion presented here allows for detailed analysis of both, the central example being Assassin’s Creed Unity with its famous representation of the Notre-Dame cathedral.

Moving outside the lab: The viability of conducting sensorimotor learning studies online

Collecting data online via crowdsourcing platforms has proven to be a very efficient way to recruit individuals from a large diverse sample. While many fields in psychology have embraced online studies, the field of motor learning has lagged behind. We suspect this is because of an implicit assumption that the loss of experimental control with online data collection will be problematic for kinematic data. As a first foray to bring motor learning online, we developed a web-based platform to collect kinematic data, serving as a template for researchers to create their own online sensorimotor control and learning experiments. As a proof-of-concept, we present three visuomotor rotation experiments conducted with this platform, asking if fundamental motor learning phenomena discovered in the lab could be reproduced online. In all experiments, there was a close correspondence between the results obtained online with those previously reported from research conducted in the laboratory. As such, our web-based motor learning platform can serve as a powerful tool to exploit the benefits of crowdsourcing approaches and extend research on motor learning beyond the confines of the traditional laboratory.

Established self-report questionnaires of psychopathology can be efficiently summarized with HiTOP

The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) organizes phenotypes of mental disorder in a hierarchy from narrower symptoms to broader patterns of dysfunction. Little is known about how well traditional self-report questionnaires of psychopathology from the pre-HiTOP era are covered by the current HiTOP working model. We derived a comprehensive 64-item measure of symptom clusters (HiTOP-Map) from established measures (i.e., 685 items within 72 scales) using a sample of community participants and outpatients (N = 909) in a multistep construction process: First, content validity was rated for structuring the item pool. Second, exploratory factor analyses identified 16 symptom clusters. Third, a metaheuristic (ant colony optimization) compiled 64 prototypical items to cover the breadth across all clusters. Bass-ackwards analyses of HiTOP-Map showed a close correspondence to the current HiTOP working model. HiTOP-Map covered the original scales well (median r = .71), indicating that established self-report questionnaires of psychopathology are efficiently summarized by HiTOP.