Design and Experimental Validation of Power Electric Vehicle Emulator for Testing Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Capability

Nowadays, the global decarbonization and electrification of the world’s energy demands have led to the quick adoption of Electric Vehicle (EV) technology. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide a wide network of fast Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) charging stations to support the forecast demand and to enable enough autonomy of such devices. Accordingly, V2G charging stations must be prepared to work properly with every manufacturer and to provide reliable designs and validation processes. In this way, the development of power electric vehicle emulators with V2G capability is critical to enable such development. The paper presents a complete design of a power electric vehicle emulator, as well as an experimental testbench to validate the behaviour of the proposal.

Optimization of the Capacities of Private Generators Installed in a Hospital Building Under the Constraint of Demand Sufficiency During Power Outages

It is essential to secure energy sources by installing a private power generator for business continuity in a power outage. The authors have developed an optimization tool to estimate the optimal amount of distributed power supply equipment using economic efficiency and resilience as two evaluation indicators. However, it is questionable whether the private generator in a hospital building can generate sufficient electricity to meet demands in case of a power failure, because demand has short cycle fluctuations on the order of seconds, and the private generator must respond to these fluctuations from time to time in the case of stand-alone operation. The optimization tools we have developed in the past have not considered the balance between power output and load demand (demand sufficiency). Therefore, this paper proposes a new optimization method that considers balancing power supply and demand in private generators’ independent operation during power outages. We narrowed the optimization constraints as demand sufficiency conditions: standard AC frequency range between 49 and 51 Hz. More practical optimal solutions are obtained by applying the new constraints to the multi-optimization. We also compare the case study results by applying these constraints to the results of previous case studies.

Method of adjusting fuel equipment of a diesel locomotive by heat release feature under operating conditions

Diesel engines supply mechanical power to almost half of the locomotives of the Russian railways. To ensure the passport characteristics of a diesel locomotive during the entire period of operation, periodic adjustment of the fuel supply equipment is required. When adjusting it, it is necessary to ensure the balance of power between the diesel cylinders while not exceeding the protective parameters for the maximum combustion pressure and the temperature of the exhaust gases. This is achieved due to the identity of the cyclic fuel supply through the diesel cylinders and the close correspondence of the fuel supply advance angles between different cylinders. Existing methods of tuning the fuel supply equipment don’t allow performing the adjustment with the required accuracy or are too complicated and laborious to implement. This article proposes theoretically substantiated and experimentally tested method for adjusting the cyclic supply and the fuel supply advance angle based on the results of measuring the pressure in the cylinder through a standard indicator channel under operating conditions. The indicator diagram is used to calculate the characteristics of active heat release, which are used to determine the relative parameters featuring the state of the fuel supply equipment. The performed computational study showed that the proposed parameters are equivalent to the relative cyclic fuel supply and the relative advance angle of the fuel supply. An experimental check, carried out on a single-cylinder compartment of OCH18/22 engine with hydromechanical fuel equipment, showed the possibility of adjusting the fuel supply equipment by the proposed method with satisfactory accuracy.

Communication Vulnerabilities in Electric Mobility HCP Systems: A Semi-Quantitative Analysis

An electric mobility ecosystem, which resembles a human-centred cyber physical (HCP) system, consists of several interacting sub-systems that constantly communicate with each other. Cyber-security of such systems is an important aspect as vulnerability of one sub-system propagates to the entire system, thus putting it into risk. Risk assessment requires modelling of threats and their impacts on the system. Due to lack of available information on all possible threats of a given system, it is generally more convenient to assess the level of vulnerabilities either qualitatively or semi-quantitatively. In this paper, we adopt the common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) methodology in order to assess semi-quantitatively the vulnerabilities of the communication in electric mobility human-centred cyber physical systems. To this end, we present the most relevant sub-systems, their roles as well as exchanged information. Furthermore, we give the considered threats and corresponding security requirements. Using the CVSS methodology, we then conduct an analysis of vulnerabilities for every pair of communicating sub-systems. Among them, we show that the sub-systems between charging station operator (CSO) and electric vehicle supply equipment (charging box) as well as CSO and electric mobility service provider are the most vulnerable in the end-to-end chain of electric mobility. These results pave the way to system designers to assess the operational security risks, and hence to take the most adequate decisions, when implementing such electric mobility HCP systems.