The Influence of Teacher Talk in English Grammar Acquisition

This chapter reviews studies related to the teacher talk through grammar instruction that occurs naturally with learners. It attempts to portray the impact of teacher talk in English grammar acquisition. It focuses on the manner learners acquire grammar verbally from their teachers' conversation. Teacher talk is the crux of grammar instruction, and the manner teachers handle it in their classroom is the main purpose of this chapter. This chapter also highlights the role of techniques, strategies, and procedures used during teacher talk in the learning process. It contributes to improving the grammatical rules acquisition through the post-method pedagogy. The conversation analysis method was used for the transcription and analysis of the data. Consequently, this chapter focuses on the issues related to grammar, grammar instruction, techniques, and strategies used in teacher talk through grammar explanation. This was done with reference to the interaction procedures used by the teacher to improve and extend the learning space.

Reinforcement Learning Approach for Adaptive Negotiation-Rules Acquisition in AGV Transportation Systems

In this paper, we introduce an autonomous decentralized method for directing multiple automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in response to uncertain delivery requests. The transportation route plans of AGVs are expected to minimize the transportation time while preventing collisions between the AGVs in the system. In this method, each AGV as an agent computes its transportation route by referring to the static path information. If potential collisions are detected, one of the two agents chosen by a negotiation-rule modifies its route plan. Here, we propose a reinforcement learning approach for improving the negotiation-rules. Then, we confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach based on the results of computational experiments.

Difficulties of developing secondary school students’ spelling skills

The paper presents theoretical approaches to secondary school students spelling rule acquisition. It defines the main terms: spelling, skill, spelling skill, spelling activities, spelling task, spelling observation and control skill, dysgraphia, dysorthography. The author describes types of spelling skills developed at school: finding parts of words spelt according to the spelling rules, spelling words according to the rules, graphic marking of difficult spelling, finding and correcting spelling mistakes. The paper reveals conditions and criteria of successful school students spelling skills development: high scientific level of teaching spelling, correlation of spelling skills and speech development, knowledge of spelling rules and the scheme of their application, a thoroughly developed system of exercises to practice the rules. The author focuses on difficulties of using these rules in writing: difficulties of spelling rules acquisition caused by spelling rules variety, poor formedness of cognition, low motivation level, inability to process information and difficulties in applying spelling rules related to spelling task setting and its solution. The author describes mistakes caused by poor spelling rules acquisition such as mistakes in words and their significant parts, mistakes in cursive, separate and hyphenate word spelling, mistakes in capital and small letter usage, mistakes in word break. Differential diagnostics of specific spelling mistakes is presented. The types of dysorthography and their characteristics are defined. The paper lists the principles of Russian spelling the breach of which results in mistakes.

Decision Rules Acquisition for Inconsistent Disjunctive Set-Valued Ordered Decision Information Systems

Set-valued information system is an important formal framework for the development of decision support systems. We focus on the decision rules acquisition for the inconsistent disjunctive set-valued ordered decision information system in this paper. In order to derive optimal decision rules for an inconsistent disjunctive set-valued ordered decision information system, we define the concept of reduct of an object. By constructing the dominance discernibility function for an object, we compute reducts of the object via utilizing Boolean reasoning techniques, and then the corresponding optimal decision rules are induced. Finally, we discuss the certain reduct of the inconsistent disjunctive set-valued ordered decision information system, which can be used to simplify all certain decision rules as much as possible.