Between Proper Name and Appellative: Lexicography of Words with Borderline Status (Exemplified by Neologism Brexit)

The problems of lexicography of new words that appeared in the Russian language in the 21 st century are considered based on the materials of the upcoming thematic Explanatory Dictionary of Unity and Enmity in the Russian Language of 2000–2020. The author of the article is one of the dictionary compilers. It is stated that the difficulties of describing new borrowed lexical units, that are at the stage of usage, are associated with the establishment of their lexical, grammatical and stylistic characteristics. Criteria for their determination are proposed. The principles of choosing the variant of heading word spelling in a dictionary entry are argued. Based on the methods of definitional, linguoculturological and content analysis using textual material extracted from mass media resources, a methodology for compiling a dictionary entry has been developed, which makes it possible to give a detailed description of the lexical, grammatical, stylistic, paradigmatic and pragmatic characteristics of current borrowings. As a result of this technique application, a dictionary entry of Brexit neologism is presented, reflecting the unstable position of this lexeme in the Russian language system, the status of which fluctuates between a proper name and an appellative. The material and methodology for its systematization can be considered when compiling explanatory dictionaries of new words in the Russian language.

Language Errors at The Phnological Level on The Speaking Community in Northern Halmahera

This study aims to examine the error of speaking the language of the North Halmahera speech at the fonological level in the interaction of learning and the factors behind it. The type of research used is qualitatively descriptive with phenomenological approaches. Data is obtained using simak method with basic tapping technique. Once the data is obtained, it is then analyzed using the agih method and the padan method at the time of the speech interaction. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that language errors include, errors in pronunciation and spelling. The error in the tester consists of the error using phoneme /e/ (pepet) pronounced to /é/ (taling) caused by the language of the mother not knowing the phoneme /e/ (pepet), pronouncing phoneme /i/ to /é/ (taling), phoneme /e/ being /a/, phoneme /ai/ being /e/, phoneme / é/ (taling) becomes /i/, phoneme diftong /au/ becomes /o/, phoneme /c/ becomes /sé/, phoneme /v/ becomes /p/, phoneme /u/ becomes /w/, phoneme /n/ becomes /ng/, phoneme /i/ manjadi /e/, phoneme /kh/ becomes /h/, phoneme /z/ becomes /s/, phoneme /z/ becomes /j/, phoneme /sy/ becomes /s/, phoneme /f/ becomes /p/, phoneme /h/ at the end of a specific word, phoneme /o/ becomes phoneme /u/, Phoneme removal /h/ in a specific word, and Phoneme removal /k/ in a specific word. Spelling errors consist of capital letters usage, use of punctuation, and use of words. Thus it can be inferred language errors in the phonological state including pronunciation and spelling errors.

Designing a word recommendation application using the Levenshtein Distance algorithm

Good scriptwriting or reporting requires a high level of accuracy. The basic problem is that the level of accuracy of the authors is not the same. The low level of accuracy allows for mistyping of words in a sentence. Typing errors caused the word to become non-standard. Even worse, the word became meaningless. In this case, the recommendation application serves to provide word-writing recommendations in case of a typing error. This application can reduce the error rate of the writer when typing. One method to improve word spelling is Approximate String Matching. This method applies an approach to the string search process. The Levenshtein Distance algorithm is a part of the Approximate String-Matching method. This method, firstly, is necessary to go through the preprocessing stage to correct an incorrectly written word using the Levenshtein Distance algorithm. The application testing phase uses ten texts composed of 100 words, ten texts composed of 100 to 250 words, and ten texts composed of 250 to 500 words. The average accuracy rate of these test results was 95%, 94%, and 90%.

Effective spelling training is not enhanced by tDCS in adults

The aim of this study was to test the effects of tDCS on adult reading and spelling abilities. Experiment 1 examined whether tDCS improved adults' performance on reading and spelling tests. We found no evidence that left temporal tDCS stimulation improved word spelling, word reading accuracy, or word reading fluency compared to sham stimulation. Experiment 2 tested the effect of left-temporal tDCS stimulation on spelling training in adults. There was no evidence for a facilitatory effect of tDCS on spelling training despite its large and significant effects on adults' ability to spell difficult words. These results, paired with previous studies, argue against the use of tDCS as an intervention for poor reading and spelling until we identify a tDCS paradigm that reliably improves reading and spelling skills.

A Error Analysis Performed on English 230 Students’ Elpt Compositions: A Basis for A Proposed Intensive Grammar Enrichment

The language of the humankind is linked to the creation of meaning and expressions of human behaviors and emotions. Language is said to manipulate and persuade people’s perception of ‘reality’ (Holmes, 2013). The reality—social and linguistic landscapes— that people construct is affected by the linguistic choices members of the community make. This research investigated the possibility of a Meranaw uniform orthography in terms of the word spelling and symbols by examining the varieties of the language in terms of its lexicons. Understanding varieties can unlock answers questions regarding variety’s causes and its contribution to the development of the language in terms of orthography—which can actually help Meranaw writers extend studies on other components of the language. These factors contributed to the direction of this paper as it attempted to investigate the sprouting of the varieties and its lexical changes. The findings of the study revealed that even though there were Meranaw lexical variants, it does not hinder the communication to be effective. The paper also showed that Meranaw lexical variants are mutually intelligible among the surveyed Meranaw communities. Mutual intelligibility suggests that language is convention--- meaning that even if there are varieties, the Meranaw language itself serve as a unifying link in keeping a society intact. The Meranaw language brings together one culture and its usage is a means to express community’s style in an effort to create a social reality. This reality allows them to express their thoughts and ideas through their language

Academic Literacy: The Analysis Of First-Year Ukrainian University Students’ Errors In Essay Writing

Ukrainian undergraduate students face challenges in demonstrating high-level proficiency in most of their academic writing. As an integral part of academic achievement, writing skills are essential for success at the various levels of students’ future career paths. Thus, academic literacy has raised considerable attention to teaching English as a second language. This study explores the writing competence level of 90 first-year students of Computer Science and Cybernetics Faculty at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and analyzes essay errors that are identified, classified and explained. The study describes the main categories of errors and reveals the causes of their production. It is evaluated that the major types of errors committed in students’ writing are: word choice, word spelling, verb tense, articles, and prepositions. We consider that the main reasons for errors are the native language interference, the lack of English academic writing knowledge and insufficient English grammar and functional use practice. Focusing on the importance of encouraging students to develop their academic literacy, we defined the approaches and strategies that can help teachers and language learners to overcome difficulties in writing. After defining the essay errors, the students were given a set of tips on academic writing proficiency and presented with contrastive L1-L2 comparisons, which resulted in significant improvement of the required academic writing skills. Finally, we measured the impact value of error difference aimed at describing the relationships between pre-analysis and post-analysis writing. Learning academic writing literacy may be an appropriate way to arise overall disciplinary literacy with the students.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Speaking dan Writing Bahasa Inggris Melalui Kompetisi Spelling Bee

Spelling Bee is a word spelling game which assessed the accuracy of words and the pronunciation of the letters in English. MTSN 7 Bungus, Padang was chosen as PKM partners due to the students’ low English language skills and interest. Therefore, through the Spelling Bee competition, the team tried to improve the students’ skills and interest in learning English language, especially their ability to write and spell words correctly. In this competition, there were 280 students previously trained before join the competition. This competition is divided into three rounds, namely the preliminary round, the semi-final round and the final round. In addition, the English teachers also helped to coordinate the competition. During the activity, students were also given lessons on writing and spelling correctly. As a result, students’ enthusiasm in participating in competition can be one of the factors that triggers the enthusiasm and interests in learning so that they get more satisfying learning outcomes. During the competition, students were guided by the English teachers and given clear instructions. After participating in Spelling Bee competition, the students were not only given rewards but also some improvement in their English writing and spelling skills.Key Words: Spelling Bee, writing, spelling. Abstrak : Spelling Bee merupakan permainan mengeja kata dengan menilai keakuratan kata dan ketepatan pengucapan huruf yang disebutkan dalam Bahasa Inggris. MTSN 7 Bungus, Padang dipilih sebagai mitra PKM karena kemampuan dan minat Bahasa Inggris siswanya yang sangat rendah. Oleh karena itu, lewat kompetisi Spelling Bee, Tim PKM berusaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dan minat siswa terhadap Bahasa Inggris terutama pada kemampuan menulis dan mengeja kata. Dalam Kegiatan Spelling Bee ini, sebanyak 280 siswa dilatih sebelum mengikuti kompetisi Spelling Bee yang terbagi atas tiga babak, yaitu preliminary Round, Semi Final Round dan yang terakhir Final round. Selain itu, guru Bahasa Inggris di sekolah tersebut turut membantu demi kelancaran kegiatan kompetisi ini. Siswa diberikan pelajaran tentang menulis dan mengeja bahasa Inggris dengan benar. Antusias siswa dalam mengikuti kompetisi dapat merupakan salah satu faktor yang memicu semangat dan daya tarik siswa dalam belajar sehingga memperoleh hasil belajar yang jauh lebih memuaskan. Selama kompetisi, siswa dipandu oleh guru bahasa Inggrisnya dan diberikan instruksi yang jelas. Setelah mengikuti kompetisi Spelling Bee ini, siswa siswi MTSN 7 Bungus tidak hanya diberikan reward namun juga dapat meningkatkan kemampuan menulis dan mengeja Bahasa Inggrisnya.Kata Kunci: spelling bee; writing; spelling.

SISTEM PENDETEKSI PENULISAN KATA PADA DOKUMEN BERBASIS WEB

The process of detecting writing errors manually takes a lot of time and requires a source of reference to prove the truth of writing words. The efficiency of time required if done manually certainly will not be optimal, so we need a word writing error detection utility that is expected to make it easier to check errors in a document of type word (.docx). In the process of developing this utility through several stages of the process, namely Cleansing, Case Folding, Tokenization, Stemming and Dictionary Lookuup. The result of the docx document being processed is influenced by the completeness of the dictionary used as a reference for word correction and the type of word spelling errors

Characteristics of the preschool home literacy environment which predict writing skills at school

Aspects of the preschool home learning environment which may foster reading development have been identified, although their relationships with spelling and writing remain unclear. The present study explored associations between the preschool home literacy environment (HLE), language and nonverbal abilities and children’s spelling and writing skills measured two years later. A parental questionnaire recorded the reported frequency of pre-schoolers’ code- and meaning-related home literacy experiences, alongside an index of book exposure. One hundred and twenty one children (60 female, Mage = 6:7, SD = 3.67 months) contributed data assessing their transcription skills, indexed by handwriting fluency and word spelling, and translation abilities, indexed by sentence generation and the ability to produce more extended text. Exploratory factor analyses confirmed distinct factors relating to the productivity and complexity of writing samples. Regression analyses revealed that the frequency of preschool code-related, letter-sound interactions explained significant variance in children’s transcription skills at school, independently of earlier language and nonverbal abilities. In contrast, experiences in the preschool HLE were not related to the higher level writing skills of translation and text production. The implications of the findings for our understanding of the cognitive and environmental factors associated with children’s early writing development are discussed.