Particular Oxydation Features of Various Mechanical Strength Cokes

Lump solid fuel is one of the most important charge material components in layered cupola units. It determines layer gas permeability, conditions development for heat exchange with gasses in it, heat generation process rate and intensity. In present-day conditions of material shaft melting charge materials of boosted fractional makeup are used, as well as oxygen, carbon and hydrogen enriched air. In the circumstances the issue of ensuring the best gas dynamic conditions become particularly vital, both for the furnace low and high temperature zones, at the charge component oxidation and recovery processes development. Under conditions of continuous charge component movement in the layered unit workspace they are subjected to abrasive action of charge components with the result, which may be described by mechanical properties based on mass yield of certain fractions after disruption in a closed drum М10 and М40. Coke lump behavior at relatively high temperature (below 1100°С) in the presence of complete fuel combustion products СО2 and Н2О may be implicitly evaluated by coke strength after reaction (CSR) and coke reactivity index (CRI). When studying, particular combustion features of coal coke in conditions close to shaft cupola unit operation data of the total differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve were used. Temperature ranges of intensive heat generation were determined from the beginning of active coke sample oxidation to completion of the burnout period, as well as apparent heating capacity and coke combustion thermal effect.

Burden Optimisation of Lump Charge Materials for Foundry Furnaces

Calculation of economically optimum charge burden for foundry furnaces depends on a solution that can be found in the field of mathematical linear programming. A traditional linear optimisation method means looking for continuous variables that can define portion of every charge component.Sometimes, it can be observed that a calculated portion of charge material with a defined lump mass is rounded up, which is wrong because the charge burden prepared in such a way may either show a mistaken chemical composition, or it can entail a significant cost. With charge materials characterised by defined mass lumps, it is recommended to use a modified method of integer linear optimisation.This article contains definitions of a goal function and a system of constraints considering the charge materials as stated above. In addition, a sample calculation has been included hereto to show such optimisation for a selected process of metal melting in a casting furnace.

Nonwaste Recycling of Nonferrous Metallurgy Slags in Iron Casting

It is proposed to use waste slags of copper, nickel and titanium production at mining and metallurgical enterprises for their full recycling in graphite iron castings as a charge component, as well as an active additive in ladle and furnace inoculation of iron melt.

Two Components of the Macroscopic General Field

The general field, containing all the macroscopic fields in it, is divided into the mass component, the source of which is the mass four-current, and the charge component, the source of which is the charge four-current. The mass component includes the gravitational field, acceleration field, pressure field, dissipation field, strong interaction and weak interaction fields, other vector fields. The charge component of the general field represents the electromagnetic field. With the help of the principle of least action we derived the field equations, the equation of the matter’s motion in the general field, the equation for the metric, the energy and momentum of the system of matter and its fields, and calibrated the cosmological constant. The general field components are related to the corresponding vacuum field components so that the vacuum field generates the general field at the macroscopic level.

Estimating solution extract salinity from soil paste electrical conductivity - an evaluation of procedures

The electrical conductivity (EC) of a saturated soil paste extract (ECe) is the standard soil salinity measurement used to assess plant salt tolerance. Recently, a less time consuming method for the laboratory measurement of ECe was proposed that estimates ECe from EC measurements made directly in the saturated soil paste (ECp). The method uses a soil EC model and two empirical relationships developed with American soils. The empirical relationships are used to estimate the surface charge component of EC (ECs) and the water content of the continuous liquid current flow pathway (Bwc) from the saturation percentage (SP). This paper demonstrates that the same method may be successfully applied to Riverine Plain soils of S.E. Australia. The empirical relationships determined with Riverine Plain soils differed slightly from those published for American soils and gave a small improvement in accuracy. The method reduces the labour requirement of ECe measurements by approximately half.