The Back-to-Nature Crowd

By the 1960s and 1970s, generational dynamics and modern environmentalism fostered new camping experiences that led away from amenity-rich and resource-heavy family campgrounds. Youth who came of age in this era shaped new forms of camping to support interests in self-discovery, countercultural values, and environmental awareness. Organizers and participants of the National Outdoor Leadership School, launched in 1965, began to link backcountry camping with countercultural mindsets, personal freedom, and connection with nature. In so doing they experimented with new social contracts in microcosm, and after 1970 increasingly began to align their mission with environmentalist agendas. Echoing the popular belief that the personal is political, many began to embrace specific forms of camping like backpacking as a way of expressing their identity and viewpoints. The new popularity of minimum-impact forms of camping in turn generated a growing market for high-tech outdoor gear intended to enhance experience and advance conservation.

Surfactant-assisted synthesis of titanium nanoMOFs for thin films fabrication

We use dodecanoic acid as a modulator to yield titanium MOF nanoparticles with good control of size and colloid stability and minimum impact to the properties of the framework to...

Modeling and Assessing Nailing Conduct Utilizing FEM Method

The nailing method is utilized for temporary and permanent stabilization of the drilled excavations and walls. In most instances, nailing is much more cost-efficient than other excavation stabilization alternatives, hence the popularity and rapid development of nailing technology have been increased. In this research, several parameters such as changes in the height of the excavation, alterations in the soil environmental parameters, changes in the nails’ layouts, and their lengths were analyzed to evaluate the conduct of the nailing system. The findings of this study demonstrated that each of the mentioned parameters makes changes in the locations, and the forces of the system. Further examination of the impact of each parameter, the maximum and minimum impact of the changes are assessed and ultimately, a general insight is created for designing each constituent of this study.

Numerical Simulation of Single-Droplet Dynamics, Vaporization, and Heat Transfer from Impingement onto Static and Vibrating Surfaces

A numerical study is presented to examine the behavior of a single liquid droplet initially passing through air or steam, followed by impingement onto a static or vibrating surface. The fluid dynamic equations are solved using the Volume of Fluid method, which includes both viscous and surface tension effects, and the possibility of droplet evaporation when the impact surface is hot. Initially, dynamic behavior is examined for isothermal impingement of a droplet moving through air, first without and then with boundary vibration. Isothermal simulations are used to establish how droplet rebound conditions and the time interval between initial contact to detachment vary with droplet diameter for droplet impingement onto a stationary boundary. Heat transfer is then assessed for a liquid droplet initially at saturation temperature passing through steam, followed by contact with a hot vibrating boundary, in which droplet evaporation commences. The paper shows that, for droplet impingement onto a static boundary, the minimum impact velocity for rebound reduces linearly with droplet diameter, whereas the time interval between initial contact and detachment appears to increase linearly with droplet diameter. With the introduction of a vibrating surface, the minimum relative impact velocity for isothermal rebound is found to be higher than the minimum impact velocity for static boundary droplet rebound. For impingement onto a hot surface, in which droplet evaporation commences, it is shown that large-amplitude surface vibration reduces heat transfer, whereas low-amplitude high-frequency vibration appears to increase heat transfer.