Instrument policy mix and firm size: is there complementarity between R&D subsidies and R&D tax credits?

Nowadays, a rising number of evaluations investigates a multifaceted concept of the policy mix. Our study specifically focuses on the mix of two most frequently used supply-side instruments–R&D subsidies and R&D tax credits. Drawing on the longitudinal sample of Spanish manufacturing firms, we investigate whether there is a complementary interaction between these policy instruments with respect to product and process innovations. Moreover, by employing a dynamic random-effects probit estimator, we account for the persistence of innovation and endogeneity of public support. The results, that are separately estimated for SMEs and large firms, uniformly show evidence of no interplay between two policy instruments either in SMEs or large firms. However, among factors that influence the propensity to product and process innovations, by far, the largest effect is generated by true state dependence. These findings provide some policy implications for fostering product and process innovations in the long run.

Welche Rolle spielt die EU‑Agrarpolitik?

Fast die Hälfte der Fläche der EU wird landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Daraus ergeben sich vielfältigeWechselwirkungen zwischen Landwirtschaft und Umwelt. Die EU‑Agrarpolitik hat großen Einfluss auf die Nutzung der Flächen, trägt bislang jedoch wenig dazu bei, negative Umweltwirkungen zu vermindern. Mit dem richtigen Policy-Mix könnte sich dies zukünftig ändern.

Carbon Pricing and Complementary Policies—Consistency of the Policy Mix for Decarbonizing Buildings in Germany

While it is widely acknowledged that carbon pricing plays an important role in driving the transition towards a low-carbon energy system, its interaction with complementary instruments is discussed controversially. The analysis of combining carbon pricing with complementary policies has been mostly focused on the electricity sector, while the role of carbon pricing in the buildings sector has received only minor interest. In view of the newly introduced carbon pricing scheme for the buildings and transport sector in Germany, we analyze the interactions between the carbon pricing scheme with the existing policy instruments and assess the consistency of the policy mix for decarbonizing the buildings sector. Our analysis finds that the introduction of carbon pricing has a reinforcing effect on the instrument mix and adds to the consistency of the policy mix. The results highlight the importance of complementary policies in order to achieve deep decarbonization in the buildings sector. We conclude that carbon pricing, preferably implemented as a tax with a predictable and increasing price level, needs to be supplemented with a powerful mix of complementary measures.

The interplay of policy and energy retrofit decision-making for real estate decarbonization

Retrofitting existing buildings is critical for meeting global and institutional net-zero CO₂ emissions goals. Prominent energy and climate policy strategies are aiming to increase notoriously low retrofitting rates by triggering energy efficient and/or decarbonized real estate investments. Although many real estate assets are owned by large-scale investors, the interplay of their retrofit decision-making and policies are under researched. Relying on interviews with four major owner types, industry experts, and policymakers, we unpack the “black box” of retrofit investment and demonstrate how large-scale investors can transform retrofit decision-making processes to meet emissions goals. We show that to accelerate deep retrofits, policymakers should focus on integrated policy mixes, and consider the cross-impacts of policy instruments from various domains on the value-driven retrofitting decision. Instruments indirectly influencing retrofits, such as those targeting affordability or densification, represent a critical avenue for improving the retrofitting policy mix by moving away from single instruments directly targeting energy or emissions aspects. This policy mix should specifically target asset management budgetary decisions, which mainly drive investment planning relevant for deep retrofits.

Benefit Analysis of Low-Carbon Policy Mix Innovation Based on Consumer Perspective in Smart City

In the construction of smart city, the carbon emission reduction problem of road traffic needs to be solved urgently. It is of great significance to introduce reasonable low-carbon policies. Based on urban private cars trajectory data, this study, respectively, establishes the genetic algorithm-back propagation neural network model (GA-BP) and back propagation-adaptive boosting algorithm neural network model (BP-AdaBoost) to predict the carbon emissions of private cars. By comparing the two neural network models, the GA-BP neural network model has better prediction results. Next, this study establishes the cost-benefit model for consumers and compares consumers’ participation willingness, emission reduction effect, and social benefits of consumers from the perspective of six kinds of low-carbon policies. The results show that the overall effect of the low-carbon policy mix of free quota is better than that of paid quota. In addition, different low-carbon policy mixes innovations have different policy implementation effects under different indicators. Overall, the low-carbon policy mix of carbon trading and emission reduction subsidy is better in the short term, and the low-carbon policy mix of carbon tax and emission reduction subsidy is better in the long term.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE “INNOVATION POLICY MIX” CONCEPT: EXTENDING LEADERS’ VIEWS ON ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Introduction/Main Objectives: This study aims to depict the scientific landscape for the innovation policy mix (IPM) from 2012 to 2019 since its re-conceptualization by Flanagan, Uyarra, and Laranja (2011).Background Problems: The seminal work has broadened policy mix thinking with social issues impacting innovation. Since every organization is part of the innovation policy system, this study takes the first step to introduce IPM into management fields by identifying and discussing subsequent works in research trajectories.Novelty: This study shows the remarkable progress toward a mature concept through IPM’s definition, characteristics, and boundaries. As a new string of interdisciplinary social science research, some opportunities and challenges are revealed, allowing future studies to be conducted in more theoretically sounding research traditions.Research Methods: This study applies systematic literature network analysis (SLNA) relying on objective measures from keyword co-occurrences and co-citations networks. It includes 60 articles analyzed using open-source software, i.e., Publish or Perish, Google Scholar database, VOSviewer, and the web-based Local Citation Network.Finding/Results: There are three clusters in the main path of research trajectories, i.e., IPM’s conceptualization, its characteristics for evaluation and measurement, and contextualization. Future research directions are proposed to advance our understanding of the organizational environment and its impact on innovation.Conclusion: IPM studies have opened opportunities to test and extend theories in strategic management and organization studies, especially for leaders who make decisions in the face of dynamic and demanding environments. Moreover, contextualization in developing countries would be a worthwhile exercise by considering the institutional and cultural context.