Single Trip Deployment of Multistage Completion Liners Through the Use of Interventionless Flotation Collars

Summary In difficult wellbores, the traditional method for deploying liners was to run drillpipe. The case studies discussed in this paper detail an alternative method to deploy liners in a single trip on the tieback string so the operator can reduce the overall costs of deployment. Previously, this was not often practical because the tieback string weight could not overcome the wellbore friction in horizontal applications. In each case, a flotation collar is required to ensure there is enough hookload for the deployment of the liner system. The flotation collars used are an interventionless design using a tempered glass barrier that shatters at a predetermined applied pressure. The glass debris is between 5 and 10 mm in diameter and can be easily circulated through the well without damaging downhole components. This is done commonly on a cemented liner and cemented monobore installations, but more rarely with openhole multistage completions. The authors of this paper have overseen thousands of cemented applications of this technology in Western Canada, the US onshore, Latin America, and the Middle East. For openhole multistage completions, the initial installation typically requires a ball drop activation tool at the bottom of the well to set the hydraulically activated equipment above. The effects of circulating the glass debris through one specific style of activation tool were investigated. Activation tools typically have a limited flow area and could prematurely close if the glass debris accumulates. Premature closing of the tool would leave drilling fluids in contact with the reservoir, potentially harming production. The testing was successfully completed, and the activation tool showed no signs of loading. This resulted in a full-scale trial in the field, where a 52-stage, openhole multistage fracturing liner was deployed using this technology. Through close collaboration with the operator, an acceptable procedure was established to safely circulate the glass debris and further limit the risk of prematurely closing the activation tool. This paper discusses the openhole and cemented multistage fracturing completion deployment challenges, laboratory testing, and field qualification trials for the single trip deployed system. It also highlights operational procedures and best practices when deploying the system in this fashion.

Experimental Study on Single Corner Cold Bending Mechanical Response of Laminated of PVB Interlayer Tempered Glass Panes and the Coupling Effect with Load

The cold bending method is a type of curved glass curtain wall construction method that has been used in practical engineering for a short time. It has the advantages of simple operation, high efficiency and low cost. However, the mechanical response and properties of glass panes caused by cold bending have not been solved effectively. To study the mechanical response and the properties of cold formed laminated tempered glass panes after applying with a wind load, cold bending and load tests of 9 laminated tempered glass panes were conducted by the orthogonal experimental design method. The effects of cold bending curvature, glass pane thickness and interlayer thickness were considered. In this paper, the response law of cold bending stress to the curvature and the relationship among the influencing factors were analyzed. The variation process of stress, the deflection of cold-formed glass panes under uniform load and the characteristics affected by cold-formed stress and deformation were studied. The results show that the cold bending stress is distributed in a saddle shape, and the curvature has the greatest influence on the cold bending stress, followed by the thickness of the glass panes. The influence of the interlayer thickness is small. The maximum stress appears near the corner of the short side direction adjacent to the cold bending corner. The cold bending stress increases linearly with increasing cold bending curvature. The cold bending stress and deformation have little effect on the change process of the later stage load effect.

Performance Investigation of Tempered Glass-Based Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Solar Photovoltaic Panels

Solar photovoltaic (PV) converts sunlight into electricity and is an appropriate alternative to overcome the depletion of conventional fuels and global warming issues. The performance of a PV panel may vary with respect to PV cell technology, fabrication methods, and operating conditions. This research aims at performing an experimental study to investigate the electrical performance of novel tempered glass-based PV panels using two different types of solar cells: monocrystalline and polycrystalline. Tempered glass-based panels are modified forms of commercial PV panels, in which ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and Tedlar are not utilized. This new fabrication method was carried out in this research. Real-time data recordings regarding the PV electrical characteristics ( I - V curve) and solar irradiance were conducted under Malaysian weather conditions on clear sunny days. Results indicated that, at solar irradiance of 900 W/m2, the outputs from the fabricated polycrystalline and monocrystalline PV panels were 67.4 W and 75.67 W, respectively. However, at the highest average solar irradiance (634.61 W/m2), which was obtained at 12:30 PM, the outputs from both panels were 47.87 W and 54.89 W. An I - V curve was obtained for the real-time weather. The electrical efficiencies of the two PV panels were analyzed to be 10.54% and 12.23%.

New crack generation phenomena by crack collision in 10 mm thick tempered glass

High speed photography by Caustics method using Cranz–Schardin camera was used to study crack propagation and divergence in thermally tempered glass. Tempered 10 mm thick glass plates were used as a specimen. New crack generation by two crack collision was observed. Regarding the presence/absence of new cracks, the dependence of the two cracks on the collision angle was confirmed. Considering that it is based on the synthesis of stress 𝜎CR generated at the crack tip, tensile stress necessary for the generation of new cracks could be created.