Unique 15kpsi Multistage Fracturing Liner System Delivers Solution to Overcome Tight Formation Challenges

Open hole Multistage Fracturing (MSF) systems have been deployed for treating open hole formations with multiple, high rate hydraulic fracturing stages while gaining efficiency during pumping operations unlike traditional plug-and-perf operations. One important challenge within the industry was availability of an open hole packer system that can overcome tough wellbore conditions during deployment and function as designed during the high rate high pressure stimulation operations. This paper will discuss the successful planning and deployment of one such system. For successful deployment of any open hole fracturing completion, one must first consider the environment that the system will be deployed into. Lateral length, open hole size, parent casing size and tubing stresses during fracturing and production all inclusively influence the need for a robust and reliable system. Other several important considerations to be deployed as a liner is the compatibility of the completion tools with the Liner deployment system, the robustness of being deployed into challenging open hole conditions where capability of high circulating rates and rotation become mandatory to get the bottom hole assembly (BHA) to its final setting depth. Last but not least, in order to achieve successful stimulation, each component of the system after overcoming all the deployment obstacles should function as designed withstanding treating differentials as high as 15kpsi, while simultaneously accommodating induced axial loads caused by these high-pressure treatments. The development and testing of individual components of the system was done keeping in mind wellbore instability and obstacles the completion will have to overcome during deployment. The field execution was planned with close collaboration with the operator and other key services that were involved for drilling the well. Real-time monitoring of the well allowed for simultaneous swift implementation of changes required on tool activation pressures, identification of hazards and mitigation plan to overcome challenges in order to execute the job successfully. It is worth mentioning that the successful deployment of this system represents the first use of additive manufacturing in high pressure, hydraulic set open hole packers. This technology allowed overcoming the barriers of challenges associated with deploying open hole completion in tight challenging formations that would otherwise have limited deployment capabilities.

Single Trip Deployment of Multistage Completion Liners Through the Use of Interventionless Flotation Collars

Summary In difficult wellbores, the traditional method for deploying liners was to run drillpipe. The case studies discussed in this paper detail an alternative method to deploy liners in a single trip on the tieback string so the operator can reduce the overall costs of deployment. Previously, this was not often practical because the tieback string weight could not overcome the wellbore friction in horizontal applications. In each case, a flotation collar is required to ensure there is enough hookload for the deployment of the liner system. The flotation collars used are an interventionless design using a tempered glass barrier that shatters at a predetermined applied pressure. The glass debris is between 5 and 10 mm in diameter and can be easily circulated through the well without damaging downhole components. This is done commonly on a cemented liner and cemented monobore installations, but more rarely with openhole multistage completions. The authors of this paper have overseen thousands of cemented applications of this technology in Western Canada, the US onshore, Latin America, and the Middle East. For openhole multistage completions, the initial installation typically requires a ball drop activation tool at the bottom of the well to set the hydraulically activated equipment above. The effects of circulating the glass debris through one specific style of activation tool were investigated. Activation tools typically have a limited flow area and could prematurely close if the glass debris accumulates. Premature closing of the tool would leave drilling fluids in contact with the reservoir, potentially harming production. The testing was successfully completed, and the activation tool showed no signs of loading. This resulted in a full-scale trial in the field, where a 52-stage, openhole multistage fracturing liner was deployed using this technology. Through close collaboration with the operator, an acceptable procedure was established to safely circulate the glass debris and further limit the risk of prematurely closing the activation tool. This paper discusses the openhole and cemented multistage fracturing completion deployment challenges, laboratory testing, and field qualification trials for the single trip deployed system. It also highlights operational procedures and best practices when deploying the system in this fashion.

Planning of Waste Management using Zero Waste Approach at SMAN 14 Bandung, Indonesia

SMAN 14 is one of the educational institutions that still adhere to waste management with a liner system, namely waste generated and disposed of in the final disposal site. In addition, SMAN 14 Bandung is a school with the title of an independent Adiwiyata School with environmental insight, but this school has not paid attention to managing its waste. This study aims to plan waste management with zero-waste approach so that the amount of waste sent to landfills is zero. Calculation of zero waste index (ZWI) was performed for a school scale wherein the results of ZWI were used for evaluation and as a basis for the future planning of solid waste management. Sampling measurements were carried out using the load count analysis method. The waste generated is 37,544 kg/day. With a composition of 13.12% organic, 60.42% plastic, 20.957% paper, 0.36 % metal, and a mixture of 5.14% with a zero-waste index of 0.80, the substitution of material savings of 30.09 kg, the substitution of energy 953.94 MJ, greenhouse effect reduction 26.89 Kg/CO2e, and water-saving -232.02 L. Furthermore, through this planning, the estimation of cost reduction was as much as Rp. 23,315 a day.

Crack formation behavior of composite fly ash – bentonite (FAB) in landfill liner system

This study aims to investigate the influence of different mixtures on the phenomenon of desiccation cracking in bentonite-fly ash mixtures as a landfill liner system. Fly ash is quite potential to be used as a landfill liner mixture because it has a low hydraulic permeability or conductivity value. This study uses class F fly ash from the Paiton power plant production process, Indonesia, which has been distributed commercially. Desiccation test was conducted in this study. The composition of fly ash and bentonite which is used are pure fly ash (FAB0), fly ash and bentonite 15% (FAB15), fly ash and bentonite 20% (FAB20) and fly ash and bentonite 25% (FAB25). The smallest CIF value is found in the pure fly ash layer. However, the pure fly ash cannot be used as landfill liner because the high permeability value. Therefore, the addition of bentonite will increase the possibility of crack formation. This study reveals that the addition bentonite in the fly ash composite will increase the crack. However, determining appropriate mixture composition is critical when working on the landfill liner system.

Single Trip Deployment of Multi-Stage Completion Liners Through the Used of Interventionless Flotation Collars

Due to challenging market conditions, the drilling and completion industry has needed to put forth innovative deployment strategies in horizontal multi-stage completions. In difficult wellbores, the traditional method for deploying liners was to run drill pipe. The case studies discussed in this paper detail an alternative method to deploy liners in a single trip on the tieback string so the operator can reduce the overall costs of deployment. Previously, this was not practical because the tieback string weight could not overcome the wellbore friction in horizontal applications. In each case, a flotation collar is required to ensure there is enough hook load for deployment of the liner system. The flotation collars used are an interventionless design, utilizing a tempered glass barrier that shatters at a pre-determined applied pressure. The glass debris can be easily circulated through the well without damaging downhole components. This is done commonly on cemented liner and cemented monobore installations, but more rarely with open hole multi-stage completions. For open hole multi-stage completions, the initial installation typically requires an activation tool at the bottom of the well to set the hydraulically activated equipment above. Multiple validation tests were completed prior to installation by using an activation tool and flotation collar to ensure the debris could be safely circulated through the internals without closing the activation tool. These activation tools have relatively limited flow area and could cause an issue if the glass debris were to accumulate and shift it closed prematurely. Premature closing of the tool would leave expensive drilling fluids in contact with the reservoir, potentially harming production. For the test, the flotation collar was placed only two pup joints away from the activation tool, resulting in a worst-case scenario where a large amount of debris could potentially encounter the internals of the activation tool at one time. In a downhole environment the flotation collar is typically installed near the build or heel of the well, depending on wellbore geometry. The testing was successfully completed, and the activation tool showed no signs of loading. This resulted in a full-scale trial in the field where a 52 stage, open hole (OH) multi-stage fracturing (MSF) liner was deployed using this technology. Through close collaboration with the operator, an acceptable procedure was established to safely circulate the glass debris and further limit the risk of prematurely closing the activation tool. This paper discusses the OH and cemented MSF deployment challenges, detailed lab testing, and field qualification trials for the single trip deployed system. It also highlights operational procedures and best practices when deploying the system in this fashion. A method to calibrate a torque and drag model will also be explored as part of this discussion.

Qualification of Polymer Materials for Dynamic Riser Service

Polymer liners have been used extensively in water injection flowlines for several years, however, have only recently gained traction as a corrosion protection solution for Steel Catenary Risers and other similar rigid pipe risers as the industry moves to more novel systems. In order to qualify a system for a dynamic service environment such as a riser, it is important to understand the system's fatigue response and characteristics to ensure that all potential failure modes are addressed. This is typically accomplished for rigid pipes via full scale resonance fatigue testing whereby a test specimen is subjected to a representative fatigue environment and point of failure determined. Rigid pipe specimens with polymer liner installed have been trialed and reported previously. In this programme, the full-scale test strings demonstrated that all the lined system components can withstand the standard fatigue performance test curves. However, it did not confirm the boundary conditions for failure of the polymer liner, as failure of the metallic host pipe always occurred first. A similar method can be used to test the polymer material in isolation, however given the strain levels involved and the material's inherent fatigue resistance, it was expected that the duration of testing would be impractical. It was therefore necessary to implement a test method that allowed for identification of the polymer boundary conditions within a reasonable time frame, whilst also allowing for comparison with existing fatigue testing. In order to achieve this, a small-scale fatigue testing programme was setup in line with ISO 18489, whereby pre-notched dumbbell samples would be prepared and tested, firstly at 23°C but also at 0°C and 60°C to not only allow comparison with existing full-scale data, but also allow determination of suitability across the full temperature range expected in service. Testing results have demonstrated that the polymer's fatigue resistance far exceeds that of the steel pipe, even with the inclusion of pre-initiated cracking in the samples. The testing was able to provide key data on parameters and their influence on the material's fatigue life such as temperature, stress and strain. Further to this, an additional test programme was setup to evaluate the influence that the vertical orientation of the riser has on the polymer liner system. In this test programme, the interaction force between the steel pipe and polymer liner was assessed to establish the necessary design criteria to ensure that the interaction force always exceeds the vertical self-weight of the liner. Testing results demonstrated that the steel pipe/liner interaction force exceeded the equivalent self-weight of the liner eliminating potential failure modes associated with creep. As a result, the vertical orientation of the riser does not present a risk to the integrity of the liner system.