Comparison of efficacies of full and abbreviated cascade impactors in aerosol characterization of nebulized salbutamol sulfate produced by a jet nebulizer

The properties of aerosols generated from salbutamol sulfate solution (1 mg/mL) using an air-jet nebulizer were evaluated using Next Generation Impactor (NGI), a full cascade impactor, and Fast Screening Impactor (FSI), an abbreviated impactor measurement (AIM). Both impactors were operated under the same experimental conditions. The samples were recovered and assayed using validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The study investigated AIM-Human Respiratory Tract (HRT) concept by comparing key parameters of aerosolization i.e. fine particle dose (FPD) and fine particle fraction (FPF) measured using FSI, with NGI as baseline. The results showed that FSI yielded different but comparable values for FPD and FPF, indicating that it is alternative impactor to NGI. Despite the fact that FSI could not replace NGI, it may be used as an alternative impactor for simple and rapid aerosol characterization of formulations in some pharmaceutical development and quality control processes.

Development and validation of HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Ketotifen Fumarate and Salbutamol Sulfate in bulk and tablets dosage forms

The aim of the study was to develop and validate a new, rapid, sensitive, simple, accurate and reproducible HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate. Simultaneous HPLC method was developed using RP-C18 stainless steel analytical column 4.6×150 mm C18.Acetonitrile and phosphate buffer pH 4 (30 : 70) were used as mobile phase and wavelength was adjusted to 276 nm for detection of drugs. Developed method was validated for its specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity and robustness. Method was also applied to quantify drugs in commercial tablets. Chromatogram obtained by newly developed method for simultaneous determination of two anti-asthmatic drugs, having well distinguished peaks for both drugs. Retention time of ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate were 2.69 minutes and 9.47 minutes respectively. Total run time for both anti-asthmatic drugs was 12 minutes. Limit of quantification for ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate was 1 ng/ml and 1.50 ng/ml respectively. Limit of detection of ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate was 3.03 and 4.54 respectively. A simple, easy, precise and new method was developed for simultaneous quantification of frequently used anti-asthmatic drugs. Developed method may prove effective and beneficial in determination of ketotifen fumarate and salbutamol sulfate in bulk and other pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Combination of Chinese and Western Medicine Optimizes the Intestinal Microbiota of Exacerbated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Rats

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) changes the structure of the intestinal microbiota and activates the acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). Previous studies showed that the way to treat COPD and AECOPD via combination of Chinese and Western medicine was successful. However, the effect of the intervention on the structure of the intestinal microbiota has not been studied. In this study, we collected feces from model rats following intervention, integrated with Chinese and Western medicine, and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to clarify the effect on intestinal microbiota. Methods. Twenty-five rats were randomized into the control, COPD, AECOPD, Western medicine (moxifloxacin hydrochloride tablets + salbutamol sulfate tablets, MXF/STL), and integrated Chinese and Western medicine (Tong Sai granules + moxifloxacin hydrochloride tablets + salbutamol sulfate tablets + Bu Fei Yi Shen granules + salbutamol sulfate tablets, TMS/FS) groups. Lipopolysaccharide-combined cigarette smoke exposure method was used to simulate the acute exacerbation-stabilization of COPD. Then, the model rats were intervened. Results. The intervention of combination Chinese and Western medicine improved the lung function, decreased the C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Serum Amyloid A (SAA), and relieved pathological damage to the pulmonary alveoli and intestinal mucous of AECOPD rats. The proportion of Firmicutes, TM7, Oscillospira, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Blautia, Treponema, and Turicibacter decreased, whereas that of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Allobaculum increased via the intervention with the combination of Chinese and Western medicine. Conclusions. The intervention with Chinese and Western medicine optimizes the intestinal microbiota structure in AECOPD rat model, which provides a basis for the COPD study in the Chinese medicine.

EFFECT OF SALBUTAMOL SULFAT EXPOSURE TO THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF BIOACTIVE RESIN

ABSTRACTBioactive composite resin is the newest restorative resin material which has good mechanical and aesthetic properties. In the oral cavity, the restoration is degraded due to exposure to acids, one of which is exposure to asthma drugs. Properties of composite resins that can be affected by degradation include surface roughness. This study aims to analyze salbutamol sulfate exposure to the surface roughness of bioactive resins. The research method used was pure experimental design with post test-only with control design. The study used 39 specimens of bioactive resin (8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness), divided into 3 treatment groups, namely the 400µg salbutamol sulfate exposure group, the 800µg salbutamol sulfate exposure group and the artificial saliva control group with treatment every 24 hours for 7 days, subsequently the specimens are tested with the surface roughness of the composite resin using a surface roughness tester. The highest surface roughness value was found in the 800µg group (8.23 ± 0.98 µm), followed by 400 µg group (5.43 ± 1.16 µm) and the lowest in the artificial saliva group (2.63 ± 0.82 µm). There were significant differences in all treatment groups. The exposure of salbutamol sulfate affects the surface roughness of the bioactive composite resin, a higher number of exposure doses indicates a higher surface roughness value.Keywords: bioactive composite resins, salbutamol sulfate, surface roughness

A Study of Retention Behavior and Method Development of Salbutamol Sulfate in Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography

For chromatographical separation and estimation of salbutamol sulfate, zwitterionic stationary phases with large capacity were obtained by zwitter-molecules attached to a polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS/DVB) particle. Salbutamol sulfate retention activity was studied with eluent at various pH mobile phase, mobile phase concentrations, and acetonitrile (ACN) percentage. The methods of separation are based on separating the salbutamol sulfate into hydrophobic and cations interactions. Linearity of 0.01 to 0.9 μg.mL-1 for two columns was developed with direct calibration curves, %RSD percent (0.48 ± 0.12 and 0.49 ± 0.22), LoD (0.058 and 0.04 μg.mL-1), and LoQ (0.203 and 0.14 μg.mL-1) were created, respectively.