Multifractal Company Market: An Application to the Stock Market Indices

Using the multiscale normalized partition function, we exploit the multifractal analysis based on directly measurable shares of companies in the market. We present evidence that markets of competing firms are multifractal/multiscale. We verified this by (i) using our model that described the critical properties of the company market and (ii) analyzing a real company market defined by the S&P500 index. As the valuable reference case, we considered a four-group market model that skillfully reconstructs this index’s empirical data. We point out that a four-group company market organization is universal because it can perfectly describe the essential features of the spectrum of dimensions, regardless of the analyzed series of shares. The apparent differences from the empirical data appear only at the level of subtle effects.

Plasma Membrane Anchoring and Gag:Gag Multimerization on Viral RNA Are Critical Properties of HIV-1 Gag Required To Mediate Efficient Genome Packaging

To generate infectious virions, HIV-1 must package its full-length RNA as the genome during particle assembly. HIV-1 Gag:RNA interactions mediate genome packaging, but the mechanism remains unclear.

Review and Comparison of Equations of State for the Lennard-Jones Fluid

The Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential is widely used for describing simple fluids; it is also a point of departure for developing models of complex fluids. Thermodynamic properties of the LJ fluid have been studied by molecular simulations by many authors and a critical review of the available data, which comprises about 35,000 data points, has been published recently [J. Chem. Inf. Mod. 59 (2019) 4248–4265]. The importance of the LJ fluid has also triggered the development of a large number of equations of state (EOS). In the present work, 20 LJ EOS were critically assessed by comparing their results with consolidated data from computer experiments. A large variety of thermophysical properties was considered: vapor pressure; saturated densities; enthalpy of vaporization; critical properties; thermal, caloric, and entropic properties at homogeneous state points; and second and third virial coefficients. It was found that none of the available LJ EOS meets the following two criteria: (1) it does not yield unphysical artifacts when used for extrapolations, and (2) it describes data from computer experiments within their statistical uncertainty in most fluid regions. Furthermore, a re-parameterization of the monomer term of the PC-SAFT EOS was carried out by fitting it to data of the LJ fluid. The new LJ EOS yields good results for the LJ fluid, but does not outperform the best existing LJ EOS.