Raphidascaris acus (Bloch, 1772) is redescribed from specimens from northern pike (Esox lucius) in Ontario. A reduced right excretory canal and a cuticular elevation in the ventral interlabial region are present. Hysterothylacium cayugensis Wigdor, 1918, Ascaris lucii Pearse, 1924, R. laurentianus Richardson, 1937, and R. alius Lyster, 1940 become junior synonyms of R. acus. The latter species, reported from a variety of fishes in Ontario and Quebec, is considered the only valid member of the genus in freshwater in North America and thus is distributed throughout the Holarctic. Four other species are considered valid: R. biwakoensis Fujita, 1928 (= R. gigi Fujita, 1928; = R. plecoglossi Fujita, 1928) from freshwater in Japan, and R. lutiani Olsen, 1952, R. chirocentri Yamaguti, 1935. and R. vicentei Santos, 1970 (= R. atlanticus Rodrigues, 1974; = R. yamagutii Vicente &Santos, 1974; = R. camura Deardorff &Overstreet, 1981) from marine fishes. The latter two species are similar if not identical and are broadly distributed in inshore subtropical oceans. The following are species inquirendae: R. adelinae (Condorelli-Francaviglia, 1898), R. anchoviellae Chandler, 1935, R. lophii (Wu, 1949), R. panijii Khan &Yassen, 1969, and R. synodi Paruchin, 1973. The broad host and geographic distributions of Raphidascaris spp. may indicate the genus is relatively old. The systematics of the Ascaridoidea is currently being revised. Reviews of other anisakid genera are necessary before relationships among Raphidascaris spp. and other genera can be determined.