High-Rate Monitoring of Satellite Clocks Using Two Methods of Averaging Time

Knowledge of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) satellite clock error is crucial in real-time precise point positioning (PPP), seismology, and many other high-rate GNSS applications. In this work, the authors show the characterisation of the atomic GNSS clock’s stability and its dependency on the adopted orbit type using Allan deviation with two methods of averaging time. Four International GNSS Service (IGS) orbit types were used: broadcast, ultra-rapid, rapid and final orbit. The calculations were made using high-rate 1 Hz observations from the IGS stations equipped with external clocks (oscillators). The most stable receiver oscillator was chosen as a reference clock. The results show the advantage of the newest GPS satellite block with respect to the other satellites. Significant differences in the results based on the orbit type used have not been recorded. Many averaging time methods used in Allan deviation (ADEV) show the clock’s fluctuations, usually smoothed in 2n s averaging times.

A latently quantized force of atomic unification

Given the availability of a force of atomic unification, a sharp interconnection between an antineutrino and a neutron must constitute an antineutrino hydrogen atom. This is one of two atoms that are of crucial value for constructing all of the remaining ones. We discuss a theory in which atomic orbit quantization around a nucleus is carried out with a flavor type dependence. Such an orbit quantized sequence principle leads to the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms in an external field, confirming the availability of a family structure in them. Thereby, it predicts the existence in nature of 63 189 isotope forms of 118 types of atomic systems. We derive the united equations that relate the masses in an atom to the radii of boson, lepton, and antineutrino orbits including the speeds, energies, and revolution periods of their particles. The estimates thus found express, for each of the five forms of uranium and the two types of hydrogen, the idea of an intraatomic force quantized by leptonic families. They unite all of connections necessary for the steadiness and completeness of an atom in a unified whole as a role of gravity in atomic construction. Therefore, a change in both the lifetime and radius of any of the structural particles within an atom originates from the orbit type dependence.

SPACE MISSION DEFINITION BASED ON ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) METHOD

Generally, missions of remote sensing satellites are divided into three types: monitoring missions, recognition missions and surveillance missions. These missions need the Sun Synchronous Orbits (SSOs) or Multi-Sun Synchronous Orbits (MSSOs) in order to perform the operations. These SSOs and MSSOs have many requirements that make deciding the best type a multi-criteria decision problem. To this end, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology is utilized to decide the orbit type in the remote sensing satellites missions. Therefore, the objective in the above methodology is to reach the orbit in the minimum amount of time and with the minimum cost (SSOs or MSSOs). The criterions are remote sensing missions, and the alternatives in the AHP methodology are the SSOs and MSSOs. In the conclusion, the results of methodology are presented and evaluated.

A distribution model of the GNSS code noise and multipath error considering both elevation angle and orbit type

Commonly, the code noise and multipath error is considered to fully obey the Gaussian distribution. While in the cases with different elevation angles and orbit types, the assumption may be inappropriate. Based on an empirical study, by considering both the elevation angle and the orbit type, a new code noise and multipath distribution model is proposed to describe a more accurate code noise and multipath distribution in this paper. Actual code noise and multipath data from 10 observation stations during two months are researched, and the parameters and elevation angle range of code noise and multipath distribution model are determined. The code noise and multipath distribution model is verified to be more accurate than the model presented in the Global Navigation Satellite System Evolutionary Architecture Study report, according to the analysis on the code noise and multipath overbounding, position error overbounding, and the availability of receiver autonomous integrity monitoring. This model provides more accurate prior information for receiver autonomous integrity monitoring, especially its availability.