Prenatal and Early-Life Environmental Factors, Family Demographics and Cortical Brain Anatomy in 5-Year-Olds: An MRI Study From FinnBrain Birth Cohort

The human brain develops dynamically during early childhood, when the child is sensitive to both genetic programming and extrinsic exposures. Recent studies have found links between prenatal and early life environmental factors, family demographics and the cortical brain morphology in newborns measured by surface area, volume and thickness. Here in this magnetic resonance imaging study, we evaluated whether a similar set of variables associates with cortical surface area and volumes measured in a sample of 170 healthy 5-year-olds from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. We found that child sex, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, 5min APGAR score, neonatal intensive care admission and maternal smoking during pregnancy associated with surface areas. Furthermore, child sex, maternal age and maternal level of education associated with brain volumes. Expectedly, many variables deemed important for neonatal brain anatomy (such as birth weight and gestational age at birth) in earlier studies did not associate with brain metrics in our study group of 5-year-olds, which implies that their effects on brain anatomy are age-specific. Future research may benefit from including pre- and perinatal covariates in the analyses when such data are available. Finally, we provide evidence for right lateralization for surface area and volumes except for the temporal lobes. These subtle differences between hemispheres are variable across individuals and may be interesting brain metrics in future studies.

The Determinant Analysis Of Socio Economic Status To Accounting Learning Outcome In Upi “Yptk” College Students

This study aims to analyze (1) the influence of head of household education on accounting learning outcomes, (2) the influence of family head work on accounting learning outcomes, (3) the influence of head of household income on accounting learning outcomes, (4) the influence of family demographics on learning outcomes Accounting (5) the influence of the environment on the learning outcomes of accounting, (6) the influence of internal characteristics of children on the learning outcomes of accounting, (7) the influence of children's gender on accounting learning outcomes, (8) the influence of head of family education, Family demographics, environment, internal characteristics of children and child gender on accounting learning outcomes. This research type is descriptive associative, where population of this research is all student of UPI "YPTK" majoring in Accountancy, the sample in this research amounted to 247 students taken with multistage random sampling technique. Hypothesis test using F test and t test with α = 0.05. The result of the research shows that (1) the education of the head of household has a significant and positive effect on the learning result of accounting (2) the parent's job has a significant and positive effect on the learning result of accounting, (3) the income of the head of family has a significant and positive influence on the learning result of accounting, 4) family demography has significant and negative effect on accounting learning result, (5) environment has significant and negative effect on accounting learning result, (6) internal characteristic of children has significant and positive effect on accounting learning result, (7) child gender has significant effect on result Learning accounting, (8) family head education, family head work, family head's income, family demography, environment, internal characteristics of children and children's gender have a significant effect on accounting learning outcomes.