Coincidental retinal dysplasia in patients presenting with pseudohypopyon: a series of two cases

Clinical diagnosis is always challenging in cases with atypical presentation. Herein, we present two cases which masqueraded as ocular infection/inflammation on presentation, were clinically suspicious for retinoblastoma, and histopathology revealed the diagnosis of retinal dysplasia. Case 1 had left corneal perforation with anterior chamber exudates on presentation. On ultrasound B-scan, ill-defined mass was noted, raising a suspicion of malignancy. MRI showed dilated ventricles with midline shift. Vitreous cytology was inconclusive. Enucleation was performed as malignancy could not be ruled out. Histopathology revealed detached retina with dysplastic rosettes in addition to inflammation and multinucleate giant cell reaction. Case 2 presented with right eye anterior chamber pseudohypopyon. Fundus examination revealed diffuse vitreous haze and a suspicious mass in the retinal periphery raising suspicion for retinoblastoma. Histopathology revealed the diagnosis of retinal dysplasia.

Tumefactive Fat Necrosis with Multinucleate Giant Cell Reaction Mimicking Recurrent Renal Cell Carcinoma following Percutaneous Renal Cryoablation

Multinucleate Giant Cell (GC) reaction is a biological response that occurs secondary to infection, an implanted foreign body, tissue injury, or inflammation. In rare instances GC reactions have been reported following tissue ablation. Multinucleate GC reactions and tumefactive fat necrosis both have the ability to mimic cancer recurrence or metastasis and can appear as enhancing masses. We discuss a case of a surgically resected retroperitoneal perinephric mass thought to be recurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that was pathologically confirmed as tumefactive fat necrosis with multinucleate GC reaction 2 years following percutaneous cryoablation of a small renal mass.

Tuberculosis Immunity: Opportunities from Studies with Cattle

Mycobacterium tuberculosisandM. bovisshare >99% genetic identity and induce similar host responses and disease profiles upon infection. There is a rich history of codiscovery in the development of control measures applicable to both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) including skin-testing procedures,M. bovisBCG vaccination, and interferon-γ release assays. The calf TB infection model offers several opportunities to further our understanding of TB immunopathogenesis. Recent observations include correlation of central memory immune responses with TB vaccine efficacy, association of SIRPα+cells in ESAT-6:CFP10-elicited multinucleate giant cell formation, early γδ T cell responses to TB, antimycobacterial activity of memory CD4+T cells via granulysin production, association of specific antibody with antigen burden, and suppression of innate immune gene expression in infected animals. Partnerships teaming researchers with veterinary and medical perspectives will continue to provide mutual benefit to TB research in man and animals.

Local pathological responses to slow-release recombinant interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and γ-interferon in the mouse and their relevance to chronic inflammatory disease

1. The present study describes the pathological responses to local administration of recombinant cytokines in subcutaneously implanted slow-release ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) co-polymer in mice. 2. EVA-recombinant human interleukin-1β (104 units) implants induced the formation of chronic granulomatous inflammatory tissue between 4 and 7 days after implantation, characterized by predominant macrophage infiltration, neovascularization and fibrosis which persisted up to 21 days after-implantation. EVA-recombinant human interleukin-1α (104–105 units) implants induced a qualitatively similar but less intense response. 3. In contrast, recombinant human interleukin-2 (102–104 units) implants resulted in early lymphocytic vasculitis (4 days) and the development of a predominantly lymphoid lesion comprised of lymphoblasts and significant mononuclear cell proliferation by 7 days. 4. EVA-recombinant γ-interferon (103–104 units) implants failed to elicit a significant tissue response; with the exception of multinucleate giant cell formation the characteristics of these lesions closely resembled the mild fibrotic responses observed for EVA-bovine serum albumin (0.5–12.5 mg) implants. 5. These observations suggest that continuous endogenous local release of interleukin-1 or interleukin-2 in vivo is sufficient for the development of specific pathological features characterizing chronic immuno-inflammatory diseases.