Distraction is one of the main causes of traffic crashes. The effect of cell phones, a major contributor to cognitive distraction, on response time has tested in many simulator studies. Response time is not the only driving skill affected by cell phone conversations, however. Specifically, it is known that cell phone usage contributes to a reduction in hazard anticipation skills at intersections, and there are many other scenarios where cell phone conversations could have a detrimental effect. The objective of this study is to determine whether cognitive distractions associated with cell phone use affect hazard anticipation, not only at intersections but also in other scenarios which contain latent hazards. Twenty-four drivers navigated 18 scenarios on a driving simulator twice, with their eye movements continuously monitored. During one drive, participants performed a hands-free mock cell phone task while driving; on the other drive, they navigated through the virtual world without any additional tasks apart from the primary task of driving. The scenarios were classified into two types: intersection and non-intersection. Using a logistic regression model within the framework of generalized estimation equations, it was determined that the proportion of anticipatory glances toward potential hazards was reduced significantly for all scenarios when drivers were engaged in a mock cell phone task. Perhaps the most disturbing finding is that this was true both at work zones and at marked midblock crosswalks, scenarios which often endanger vulnerable road users. In summary, the study found a negative effect of cognitive distraction on latent hazard anticipation.
