Impact of Cognitive Distractions on Drivers’ Anticipation Behavior in Vehicle-bicycle Conflict Situations

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1898-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yalda Ebadi ◽  
Ganesh Pai Mangalore ◽  
Siby Samuel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Mock Cell ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Main Effect

Overall, the rate of vehicle-bicycle collisions is continually increasing. In the United States alone, bicyclist fatalities contributed to 2.3 percent of all crash related fatalities in 2015. In most of these cases, crashes occur due to distracted drivers who are unable to correctly anticipate the bicyclists at the hazardous locations on the roadways such as, intersections and curves. The objective of the current study is to contribute to the divisive literature surrounding cell phone use while driving by specifically measuring, the effects of a secondary mock cell phone task on hazard anticipation performance across common vehicle-bicycle conflict situations. Two groups of 20 drivers each, navigated seven unique scenarios on a driving simulator while being monitored by an eye tracker. One group of participants performed a hands free mock cellphone task while driving, while the second group drove without any additional tasks outside of the primary task of driving. Analysis of the proportion of anticipatory glances using a logistic regression model revealed a significant main effect of the mock cellphone task at reducing the proportion of such glances made by the drivers towards potential bicyclist threats on the roadway.

Impact of Cognitive Distractions on Drivers’ Hazard Anticipation Behavior in Complex Scenarios

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (9) ◽  
pp. 440-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yalda Ebadi ◽  
Donald L. Fisher ◽  
Shannon C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Mock Cell ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Driving Skill ◽  
Cognitive Distraction ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

Distraction is one of the main causes of traffic crashes. The effect of cell phones, a major contributor to cognitive distraction, on response time has tested in many simulator studies. Response time is not the only driving skill affected by cell phone conversations, however. Specifically, it is known that cell phone usage contributes to a reduction in hazard anticipation skills at intersections, and there are many other scenarios where cell phone conversations could have a detrimental effect. The objective of this study is to determine whether cognitive distractions associated with cell phone use affect hazard anticipation, not only at intersections but also in other scenarios which contain latent hazards. Twenty-four drivers navigated 18 scenarios on a driving simulator twice, with their eye movements continuously monitored. During one drive, participants performed a hands-free mock cell phone task while driving; on the other drive, they navigated through the virtual world without any additional tasks apart from the primary task of driving. The scenarios were classified into two types: intersection and non-intersection. Using a logistic regression model within the framework of generalized estimation equations, it was determined that the proportion of anticipatory glances toward potential hazards was reduced significantly for all scenarios when drivers were engaged in a mock cell phone task. Perhaps the most disturbing finding is that this was true both at work zones and at marked midblock crosswalks, scenarios which often endanger vulnerable road users. In summary, the study found a negative effect of cognitive distraction on latent hazard anticipation.

scholarly journals Cell-Phone Related Injuries in the United States from 2000‒2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Saltos ◽  
Daniel Smith ◽  
Kristin Schreiber ◽  
Sarah Lichenstein ◽  
Richard Lichenstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Ed Visits

<p class="western"><span style="font-size: medium;">Background: The incidence of injuries sustained by cell phone users other than drivers and pedestrians is not well characterized. </span></p><p class="western"><span style="font-size: medium;">Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance (NEISS) database was searched to identify injuries involving cell phone use in all settings. The study period was January 2000 to December 2012. </span></p><p class="western"><span style="font-size: medium;">Results: We identified 515 records of ED visits related to cell phone use. 48% of injuries occurred in the home setting. Sixty-two percent of the patients were female; 55% were younger than 40. National estimates, derived from weighted case incidence, revealed statistically significant increases in the number of annual cases, particularly for injuries sustained while texting. Most injuries were minor, but 11% of patients required hospitalization. </span></p><p class="western"><span style="font-size: medium;">Discussion: The estimated national number of injuries associated with cell phone use is increasing annually in all scenarios studied, particularly among pedestrians and while texting. </span></p><p class="western"><span style="font-size: medium;">Conclusion: Distraction is inherent during cell phone use. The injury risk posed by cell phone use must be an integral component of prevention strategies and product design.</span></p>

scholarly journals Rethinking Cell Phone Use While Driving: Isolated Risk Behavior or a Pattern of Risk-Taking Associated with Impulsivity in Young Drivers?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5640
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Walshe ◽  
Flaura K. Winston ◽  
Dan Romer
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Risky Driving ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Related Personality

This study examines whether cell phone use stands apart from a general pattern of risky driving practices associated with crashes and impulsivity-related personality traits in young drivers. A retrospective online survey study recruited 384 young drivers from across the United States using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to complete a survey measuring risky driving practices (including cell phone use), history of crashes, and impulsivity-related personality traits. Almost half (44.5%) of the drivers reported being involved in at least one crash, and the majority engaged in cell phone use while driving (up to 73%). Factor analysis and structural equation modeling found that cell phone use loaded highly on a latent factor with other risky driving practices that were associated with prior crashes (b = 0.15, [95% CI: 0.01, 0.29]). There was also an indirect relationship between one form of impulsivity and crashes through risky driving (b = 0.127, [95% CI: 0.01, 0.30]). Additional analyses did not find an independent contribution to crashes for frequent cell phone use. These results suggest a pattern of risky driving practices associated with impulsivity in young drivers, indicating the benefit of exploring a more comprehensive safe driving strategy that includes the avoidance of cell phone use as well as other risky practices, particularly for young drivers with greater impulsive tendencies.

Driving and Public Health

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distracted Driving ◽  
The Past

Distracted driving is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as “the practice of driving a motor vehicle while engaged in another activity, typically one that involves the use of a mobile phone or other electronic device.” However, other distractions not involving the use of a cell phone or texting are important as well, contributing to this burgeoning public health problem in the United States. Examples include talking to other passengers, adjusting the radio or other controls in the car, and daydreaming. Distracted driving has been linked to increased risk of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) in the United States, representing one of the most preventable leading causes of death for youth ages 16 to 24 years. Undoubtedly, the proliferation of cell phone, global positioning system (GPS), and other in-vehicle and personal electronic device use while driving has led to this rise in distracted driving prevalence. This behavior has impacted society—including individual and commercial drivers, passengers, pedestrians—in countless numbers of ways, ranging from increased MVCs and deaths to the enactment of new driving laws. In 2016, for example, 20 percent of all US pediatric deaths (nearly 4,000 children and adolescents) were due to fatal MVCs. It has been estimated that at any given time, more than 650,000 drivers are using cell phones or manipulating electronic devices while driving. In the United States, efforts are underway to reduce this driving behavior. In the past two decades, state and federal laws have specifically targeted cell phone use and texting while driving as priority areas for legal intervention. Distracted driving laws have become “strategies of choice” for tackling this public health problem, though their enforcement has emerged as a major challenge and varies by jurisdiction and location. Multimodal interventions using models such as the “three Es” framework—Enactment of a law, Education of the public about the law and safety practices, and Enforcement of the law—have become accepted practice or viewed as necessary steps to successfully change this behavior caused by distractions while driving. This Oxford Bibliographies review introduces these and other aspects (including psychological influences and road conditions) of distracted driving through a presentation of annotated resources from peer- and non-peer-reviewed literature. This selective review aims to provide policymakers, program implementers, and researchers with a reliable source of information on the past and current state of American laws, policies, and priorities for distracted driving.

Impact of Cognitive Distractions on Drivers’ Hazardous Event Anticipation and Mitigation Behavior in Vehicle–Bicycle Conflict Situations

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (7) ◽  
pp. 504-513
Author(s):  
Yalda Ebadi ◽  
Ganesh Pai ◽  
Siby Samuel ◽  
Donald L. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Vehicle Velocity ◽  
Hazardous Event

Vehicle–bicycle collisions are increasing alarmingly. A recent study shows that cognitively distracted drivers who are glancing on the forward roadway are also less likely to glance toward areas for potential vehicle–bicyclist conflicts. But this study did not determine whether cognitively distracted drivers who did glance toward the appropriate area were as likely to process the information as drivers who were not cognitively distracted. Evidence that drivers who were cognitively distracted and glanced toward the bicyclist were not as likely to process the information could be inferred either from shorter fixations in the area where a bicyclist could appear or from smaller reductions in the speed of their vehicle to mitigate a potential conflict. This study intends to add to previous results by examining only glance and vehicle behaviors of participants who glance toward the latent hazardous events involving bicyclists. Specifically, the durations of the glances toward the latent hazardous events of participants who are and are not cognitively distracted are compared as well as their velocity while approaching the potential strike zones. Two groups of 20 participants (one distracted, one not distracted) each drove through seven scenarios on a fixed-based driving simulator while their eye movements were continuously tracked using an eye tracker. Analysis of the participants’ longest glance duration toward the latent hazardous events indicated that distracted drivers made shorter glances toward the latent hazardous events when compared with their non-distracted counterparts. However, there was no difference in vehicle velocity between distracted and non-distracted drivers near the potential strike zones.

Distracted driving on YouTube: implications for adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey H. Basch ◽  
Christina Mouser ◽  
Ashley Clark
Keyword(s):  
Cell Phone ◽  
English Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distracted Driving ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Traffic Fatalities ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
Video Sharing ◽  
First Time

Abstract For the first time in 50 years, traffic fatalities have increased in the United States (US). With the emergence of technology, comes the possibility, that distracted driving has contributed to a decrease in safe driving practices. The purpose of this study was to describe the content on the popular video sharing site, YouTube to ascertain the type of content conveyed in videos that are widely viewed. The 100 most widely viewed English language videos were included in this sample, with a collective number of views of over 35 million. The majority of videos were television-based and Internet-based. Pairwise comparisons indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the number of views of consumer generated videos and television-based videos (p = 0.001) and between television-based videos and Internet-based videos (p < 0.001). Compared with consumer generated videos, television-based videos were 13 times more likely to discuss cell phone use as a distractor while driving, while Internet-based videos were 6.6 times more likely to discuss cell phone use as a distractor while driving. In addition, compared with consumer generated videos, television-based videos were 3.67 times more likely to discuss texting as a distractor while driving, whereas Internet-based videos were 8.5 times more likely to discuss texting as a distractor while driving. The findings of this study indicate that the videos on YouTube related to distracted driving are popular and that this medium could prove to be a successful venue to communicate information about this emergent public health issue.

Ignorance Is Bliss, or Is It? The Effects of Pay Transparency, Informational Justice and Distributive Justice on Pay Satisfaction and Affective Commitment

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Scheller ◽  
Wayne Harrison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pay Satisfaction ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Informational Justice ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

Pay transparency—open access to comparative wages—may help reduce wage discrepancies and otherwise benefit organizations. A 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design was used to test the effects of pay transparency, informational justice and distributive justice on pay satisfaction and affective commitment. Case scenarios were developed to manipulate these variables and test main effect and interaction hypotheses. Full-time employees in the United States ( N = 293) were recruited from Amazon’s MTurk. Results showed main effects of pay transparency and distributive justice on both pay satisfaction and affective commitment; an informational justice effect was revealed on affective commitment. Pay transparency had a larger effect on pay satisfaction when distributive justice was low than when it was high. Exploratory analyses revealed an interaction between pay transparency, gender and race on pay satisfaction. This study confirmed positive consequences of pay transparency policies, which are proposed to be a component of informational justice.

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