How could a work of architecture that is designed to evoke a Bilbao effect be designed sustainably and in accordance with Vitruvius’s principle?

<p>The economy of a region could potentially be enhanced if numerous travelers were attracted by the architecture, and it couldalso lead to improving the economy of the nation. This thesis considers three primary aspects which are Vitruvius’s principleand the relationship to “form follows function”, the sustainable design, and the Bilbao effect. Furthermore, Vitruvius’s principle has consisted of “the strength”, “the utility”, and “the beauty”, historically. In this thesis, the proposed building which is thecombination of museum, concert hall and accommodation is to fulfill those three primary aspects. However, many problemscould currently be identified in architecture. For instance, there has been fuzzy understanding of what architecture meansauthentically. In addition, while some complex architecture exists in the world, there are many different approaches to designit. As the methodology of this thesis-project, the concept which is to affect the proposed architecture will be determined. Inthis case, the meanings of the proposed site will be discovered. Subsequently, the experimentation of architectural forms willbe conducted with integrating the meanings into the forms. The forms created manually will be digitized by the software andthe plug-in, Rhinoceros and Grasshopper. Subsequent to the finalization of the architectural form, the environmental andbuilding-performance simulations will be executed by the other plug-ins, Honeybee and Ladybug. Besides the literature andprecedent review, the sustainable strategies will be specified, being based on the result of the simulations. Then, the architectural form will be customized with the necessary building components in order to become functional architecture as the developed design. As a result, the architecture which could potentially invoke a Bilbao effect with the sustainability and Vitruvius’s principle will be designed in this thesis. In the future, complex architecture which resembles Guggenheim MuseumBilbao will be able to be designed less difficultly, with integrating the sustainable aspect and the authentic architectural style.</p>

How could a work of architecture that is designed to evoke a Bilbao effect be designed sustainably and in accordance with Vitruvius’s principle?

<p>The economy of a region could potentially be enhanced if numerous travelers were attracted by the architecture, and it couldalso lead to improving the economy of the nation. This thesis considers three primary aspects which are Vitruvius’s principleand the relationship to “form follows function”, the sustainable design, and the Bilbao effect. Furthermore, Vitruvius’s principle has consisted of “the strength”, “the utility”, and “the beauty”, historically. In this thesis, the proposed building which is thecombination of museum, concert hall and accommodation is to fulfill those three primary aspects. However, many problemscould currently be identified in architecture. For instance, there has been fuzzy understanding of what architecture meansauthentically. In addition, while some complex architecture exists in the world, there are many different approaches to designit. As the methodology of this thesis-project, the concept which is to affect the proposed architecture will be determined. Inthis case, the meanings of the proposed site will be discovered. Subsequently, the experimentation of architectural forms willbe conducted with integrating the meanings into the forms. The forms created manually will be digitized by the software andthe plug-in, Rhinoceros and Grasshopper. Subsequent to the finalization of the architectural form, the environmental andbuilding-performance simulations will be executed by the other plug-ins, Honeybee and Ladybug. Besides the literature andprecedent review, the sustainable strategies will be specified, being based on the result of the simulations. Then, the architectural form will be customized with the necessary building components in order to become functional architecture as the developed design. As a result, the architecture which could potentially invoke a Bilbao effect with the sustainability and Vitruvius’s principle will be designed in this thesis. In the future, complex architecture which resembles Guggenheim MuseumBilbao will be able to be designed less difficultly, with integrating the sustainable aspect and the authentic architectural style.</p>

Cortical glutamatergic projection neuron types contribute to distinct functional subnetworks

The cellular basis of cerebral cortex functional architecture remains not well understood. A major challenge is to monitor and decipher neural network dynamics across broad cortical areas yet with projection neuron (PN) type resolution in real time during behavior. Combining genetic targeting and wide-field imaging, we monitored activity dynamics of subcortical-projecting (PTFezf2) and intratelencephalic-projecting (ITPlxnD1) types across dorsal cortex of mice during multiple brain states and behaviors. ITPlxnD1 and PTFezf2 showed distinct activation patterns during wakeful resting, spontaneous movements, and upon sensory stimulation. Distinct ITPlxnD1 and PTFezf2 subnetworks dynamically tuned to different sensorimotor components of a naturalistic feeding behavior, and optogenetic inhibition of subnetwork nodes disrupted specific behavioral components. ITPlxnD1 and PTFezf2 projection patterns supported their subnetwork activation patterns. Our results suggest that, in addition to the concept of columnar organization, dynamic areal and PN type-specific subnetworks is a key feature of cortical functional architecture linking microcircuit components with global brain networks.

Abnormal Stability of Dynamic Functional Architecture in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Preliminary Resting-State fMRI Study

Purpose: Static and dynamic analyses for identifying functional connectivity (FC) have demonstrated brain dysfunctions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, few studies on the stability of dynamic FC have been conducted among ALS patients. This study explored the change of functional stability in ALS and how it correlates with disease severity.Methods: We gathered resting-state functional magnetic resonance data from 20 patients with ALS and 22 healthy controls (HCs). The disease severity was assessed with the Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R). We used a sliding window correlation approach to identify dynamic FC and measured the concordance of dynamic FC over time to obtain the functional stability of each voxel. We assessed the between-group difference in functional stability by voxel-wise two-sample t-test. The correlation between the functional stability index and ALSFRS-R in ALS patients was evaluated using Spearman's correlation analysis.Results: Compared with the HC group, the ALS group had significantly increased functional stability in the left pre-central and post-central gyrus and right temporal pole while decreased functional stability in the right middle and inferior frontal gyrus. The results revealed a significant correlation between ALSFRS-R and the mean functional stability in the right temporal pole (r = −0.452 and P = 0.046) in the ALS patients.Conclusions: ALS patients have abnormal stability of brain functional architecture, which is associated with the severity of the disease.