scholarly journals Cortical glutamatergic projection neuron types contribute to distinct functional subnetworks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemanth Mohan ◽  
Xu An ◽  
Hideki Kondo ◽  
Shengli Zhao ◽  
Simon Musall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Projection Neuron ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Dorsal Cortex ◽  
Functional Architecture ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Spontaneous Movements ◽  
Columnar Organization ◽  
Global Brain ◽  
Genetic Targeting

The cellular basis of cerebral cortex functional architecture remains not well understood. A major challenge is to monitor and decipher neural network dynamics across broad cortical areas yet with projection neuron (PN) type resolution in real time during behavior. Combining genetic targeting and wide-field imaging, we monitored activity dynamics of subcortical-projecting (PTFezf2) and intratelencephalic-projecting (ITPlxnD1) types across dorsal cortex of mice during multiple brain states and behaviors. ITPlxnD1 and PTFezf2 showed distinct activation patterns during wakeful resting, spontaneous movements, and upon sensory stimulation. Distinct ITPlxnD1 and PTFezf2 subnetworks dynamically tuned to different sensorimotor components of a naturalistic feeding behavior, and optogenetic inhibition of subnetwork nodes disrupted specific behavioral components. ITPlxnD1 and PTFezf2 projection patterns supported their subnetwork activation patterns. Our results suggest that, in addition to the concept of columnar organization, dynamic areal and PN type-specific subnetworks is a key feature of cortical functional architecture linking microcircuit components with global brain networks.

scholarly journals Cortical state and natural movie responses in cat visual cortex

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Spacek ◽  
Nicholas V. Swindale
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Cat Visual Cortex ◽  
Columnar Organization ◽  
State Affect ◽  
Global Brain ◽  
Anesthetized Cat

AbstractHow does cortical state affect neural responses to naturalistic stimuli, and is it analogous between anesthetized and awake animals? We recorded spikes and local field potential (LFP) from all layers of isoflurane-anesthetized cat primary visual cortex (V1) while repeatedly presenting wide-field natural scene movie clips. Spiking responses of single units were remarkably precise, reliable and sparse, with lognormally distributed mean firing rates. Many units had distinct barcode-like firing patterns, with features as little as 10 ms wide. LFP-derived cortical state switched spontaneously between synchronized (1/f) and desynchronized (broadband). Surprisingly, responses were more precise, reliable and sparse during the synchronized than desynchronized state. Because the desynchronized state under anesthesia is thought to correspond to attending periods in awake animals, during which responses are enhanced, our results complicate the analogy between cortical states in anesthetized and awake animals. The presenceof orientation maps in cat V1 may explain contrary reports in anesthetized rodents, and predicts a similar result in anesthetized ferret and primate V1.Significance StatementGlobal brain activity changes spontaneously over time and can be characterized along a spectrum from slow synchronized activity, to fast desynchronized activity. This spectrum is similar in awake, asleep and anesthetized animals, but is its effect on neural responses the same in all cases? Here we show that neural responses to natural movies in anesthetized cat visual cortex are more precise during synchronized activity. This is contrary to reports in anesthetized rodents, which we suggest may be due to greater columnar organization in cat visual cortex. Since this is also contrary to enhanced responses and behavioural performance during attention, when activity is desynchronized, our results suggest that similar brain states in awake and anesthetized animals may not be functionally analogous.

scholarly journals Miniaturized head-mounted device for whole cortex mesoscale imaging in freely behaving mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew L Rynes ◽  
Daniel Surinach ◽  
Samantha Linn ◽  
Michael Laroque ◽  
Vijay Rajendran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Dorsal Cortex ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Calcium Activity ◽  
Calcium Indicators ◽  
Stroboscopic Illumination ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Sensory Evoked

ABSTRACTThe advent of genetically encoded calcium indicators, along with surgical preparations such as thinned skulls or refractive index matched skulls, have enabled mesoscale cortical activity imaging in head-fixed mice. Such imaging studies have revealed complex patterns of coordinated activity across the cortex during spontaneous behaviors, goal-directed behavior, locomotion, motor learning, and perceptual decision making. However, neural activity during unrestrained behavior significantly differs from neural activity in head-fixed animals. Whole-cortex imaging in freely behaving mice will enable the study of neural activity in a larger, more complex repertoire of behaviors not possible in head-fixed animals. Here we present the “Mesoscope,” a wide-field miniaturized, head-mounted fluorescence microscope compatible with transparent polymer skulls recently developed by our group. With a field of view of 8 mm x 10 mm and weighing less than 4 g, the Mesoscope can image most of the mouse dorsal cortex with resolution ranging from 39 to 56 µm. Stroboscopic illumination with blue and green LEDs allows for the measurement of both fluorescence changes due to calcium activity and reflectance signals to capture hemodynamic changes. We have used the Mesoscope to successfully record mesoscale calcium activity across the dorsal cortex during sensory-evoked stimuli, open field behaviors, and social interactions. Finally, combining the mesoscale imaging with electrophysiology enabled us to measure dynamics in extracellular glutamate release in the cortex during the transition from wakefulness to natural sleep.

scholarly journals Hyperdirect insula-basal-ganglia pathway and adult-like maturity of global brain responses predict inhibitory control in children

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Cai ◽  
Katherine Duberg ◽  
Aarthi Padmanabhan ◽  
Rachel Rehert ◽  
Travis Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Maturation Index ◽  
The Right ◽  
Global Brain

Abstract Inhibitory control is fundamental to children’s self-regulation and cognitive development. Here we investigate cortical-basal ganglia pathways underlying inhibitory control in children and their adult-like maturity. We first conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of extant neurodevelopmental studies of inhibitory control and highlight important gaps in the literature. Second, we examine cortical-basal ganglia activation during inhibitory control in children ages 9–12 and demonstrate the formation of an adult-like inhibitory control network by late childhood. Third, we develop a neural maturation index (NMI), which assesses the similarity of brain activation patterns between children and adults, and demonstrate that higher NMI in children predicts better inhibitory control. Fourth, we show that activity in the subthalamic nucleus and its effective connectivity with the right anterior insula predicts children’s inhibitory control. Fifth, we replicate our findings across multiple cohorts. Our findings provide insights into cortical-basal ganglia circuits and global brain organization underlying the development of inhibitory control.

scholarly journals Movement and Performance Explain Widespread Cortical Activity in a Visual Detection Task

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 421-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B Salkoff ◽  
Edward Zagha ◽  
Erin McCarthy ◽  
David A McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Dorsal Cortex ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Task

Abstract Recent studies in mice reveal widespread cortical signals during task performance; however, the various task-related and task-independent processes underlying this activity are incompletely understood. Here, we recorded wide-field neural activity, as revealed by GCaMP6s, from dorsal cortex while simultaneously monitoring orofacial movements, walking, and arousal (pupil diameter) of head-fixed mice performing a Go/NoGo visual detection task and examined the ability of task performance and spontaneous or task-related movements to predict cortical activity. A linear model was able to explain a significant fraction (33–55% of variance) of widefield dorsal cortical activity, with the largest factors being movements (facial, walk, eye), response choice (hit, miss, false alarm), and arousal and indicate that a significant fraction of trial-to-trial variability arises from both spontaneous and task-related changes in state (e.g., movements, arousal). Importantly, secondary motor cortex was highly correlated with lick rate, critical for optimal task performance (high d′), and was the first region to significantly predict the lick response on target trials. These findings suggest that secondary motor cortex is critically involved in the decision and performance of learned movements and indicate that a significant fraction of trial-to-trial variation in cortical activity results from spontaneous and task-related movements and variations in behavioral/arousal state.

scholarly journals Implications of Functionally Different Synaptic Inputs for Neuronal Gain and Computational Properties of Fly Visual Interneurons

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1838-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Grewe ◽  
Nélia Matos ◽  
Martin Egelhaaf ◽  
Anne-Kathrin Warzecha
Keyword(s):  
Brain Slices ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Specific Stimulus ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Direction Tuning ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Computational Properties

Neurons embedded in networks are thought to receive synaptic inputs that do not drive them on their own, but modulate the responsiveness to driving input. Although studies on brain slices have led to detailed knowledge of how nondriving input affects dendritic integration, its origin and functional implications remain unclear. We tackle this issue using an ensemble of fly wide-field visual interneurons. These neurons offer the opportunity not only to combine in vivo recording techniques and natural sensory stimulation but also to interpret electrophysiological results in a behavioral context. By targeted manipulation of the animal's visual input we find a pronounced modulating impact of nondriving input, whereas functionally important cellular properties like direction tuning and the coding of pattern velocity are left almost unaffected. We propose that the integration of functionally different synaptic inputs is a mechanism that immanently equalizes the ensemble's sensitivity irrespective of the specific stimulus conditions.

scholarly journals Global brain signal in awake rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuncong Ma ◽  
Zilu Ma ◽  
Zhifeng Liang ◽  
Thomas Neuberger ◽  
Nanyin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Planar Imaging ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Cortical Networks ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Global Signal ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Global Brain ◽  
Echo Planar ◽  
Awake Rats

AbstractAlthough often used as a nuisance in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI), the global brain signal in humans and anesthetized animals has important neural basis. However, our knowledge of the global signal in awake rodents is sparse. To bridge this gap, we systematically analyzed rsfMRI data acquired with a conventional single-echo (SE) echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence in awake rats. The spatial pattern of rsfMRI frames during peaks of the global signal exhibited prominent co-activations in the thalamo-cortical and hippocampo-cortical networks, as well as in the basal forebrain, hinting that these neural networks might contribute to the global brain signal in awake rodents. To validate this concept, we acquired rsfMRI data using a multi-echo (ME) EPI sequence and removed non-neural components in the rsfMRI signal. Consistent co-activation patterns were obtained in extensively de-noised ME-rsfMRI data, corroborating the finding from SE-rsfMRI data. Furthermore, during rsfMRI experiments we simultaneously recorded neural spiking activities in the hippocampus using GCaMP-based fiber photometry. The hippocampal calcium activity exhibited significant correspondence with the global rsfMRI signal. These data collectively suggest that the global rsfMRI signal contains significant neural components that involve coordinated activities in the thalamo-cortical and hippocampo-cortical networks. These results provide important insight into the neural substrate of the global brain signal in awake rodents.

scholarly journals Multi-parametric characterization of brain-wide hemodynamic and calcium responses to sensory stimulation in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyue Chen ◽  
Quanyu Zhou ◽  
Xose Luis Dean-Ben ◽  
Irmak Gezginer ◽  
Ruiqing Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Optoacoustic Tomography ◽  
Peripheral Sensory ◽  
Coupling Mechanisms ◽  
Single Modality

Modern optical neuroimaging approaches are expanding our ability to elucidate complex brain function. Diverse imaging contrasts enable direct observation of neural activity with functional sensors along with the induced hemodynamic responses. To date, decoupling the complex interplay of neurovascular coupling and dynamical physiological states has remained challenging when employing single-modality functional neuroimaging tools. We devised a hybrid fluorescence optoacoustic tomography (FLOT) platform combined with a custom data processing pipeline based on statistical parametric mapping, accomplishing the first simultaneous noninvasive observation of both direct and indirect brain-wide activation patterns with optical contrast. Correlated changes in the oxy- and deoxygenated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin, oxygen saturation and rapid GCaMP6f fluorescence signals were observed in response to peripheral sensory stimulation. While the concurrent epifluorescence served to corroborate and complement the functional optoacoustic observations, the latter further aided in decoupling the rapid calcium responses from the slowly varying background in the fluorescence recordings mediated by hemodynamic changes. The hybrid imaging platform expands the capabilities of conventional neuroimaging methods to provide more comprehensive functional readings for studying neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling mechanisms and related diseases.

Mesoscale Imaging (B12 Configuration) v1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos Eleftheriou
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Dorsal Cortex ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Calcium Activity

This protocol gives an overview of mesoscale imaging of calcium activity across the dorsal cortex of GCaMP-expressing mice using the setup in B12. It describes the acquisition regime for a single session, which may be done at rest, during visual (or other sensory) stimulation, or during head-restrained behaviour.

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