Mating-Type and Sexual Differentiation of Phytophthora Colocasiae in Japan

In Japan, Phytophthora colocasiae causes the leaf blight of taro, which has resulted in huge losses since 2015. To investigate the causes of disease persistence and expansion, it is important to clarify the basic properties of this pathogen. We collected in total 317 P. colocasiae isolates from 99 fields in 7 prefectures during 2014 to 2020. The mating-type of each isolate was examined, and two or more isolates which were collected in single fields or taro leaves were selected to analyze the mating-type complexity. We found five kinds of mating types were identified: heterothallic A1 and A2, self-fertile (SF) A1, A2 and A1/A2 types, and a complex and diverse distribution of mating-types was present in one field or leaf. In addition, the stability of each mating-type was analyzed by single hyphae, zoospore and zoosporangium. The results suggested that the SF isolates were shown to be genetically unstable, while heterothallic isolates had a stable property. In the pathogenicity test of different mating-type isolates, heterothallic A1 isolates were less pathogenic than heterothallic A2 and SF isolates. However, there was no relationship between the pathogenicity and the growth rate on culture medium.

Analytical versus numerical solutions of the nonlinear fractional time–space telegraph equation

In this paper, the stable analytical solutions’ accuracy of the nonlinear fractional nonlinear time–space telegraph (FNLTST) equation is investigated along with applying the trigonometric-quantic-B-spline (TQBS) method. This investigation depends on using the obtained analytical solutions to get the initial and boundary conditions that allow applying the numerical scheme in an easy and smooth way. Additionally, this paper aims to investigate the accuracy of the obtained analytical solutions after checking their stable property through using the properties of the Hamiltonian system. The considered model for this study is formulated by Oliver Heaviside in 1880 to define the advanced or voltage spectrum of electrified transmission, with day-to-day distances from the electrified communication or the application of electromagnetic waves. The matching between the analytical and numerical solutions is explained by some distinct sketches such as two-dimensional, scatter matrix, distribution, spline connected, bar normal, filling with two colors plots.

New types of exact solutions of high-frequency waves model in the relaxation medium

In this article, based on the extended fan-expansion method, novel soliton wave solutions of the Vakhnenko-Parkes equation are constructed. The stable property of the obtained analytical solutions is tested by implementing the Hamiltonian system's characterizations. The applied method is effective and applicable for many problems of non-linear PDE in mathematical physics.

Reform in Forest Tenure and Livelihood Impact: Implementation of Forest Rights Act 2006 in Odisha and Jharkhand

Based on the extensive fieldwork in selected villages of Odisha and Jharkhand, this present paper seeks to analyse the actual process of implementation and analyses the livelihood impact of Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006. However the finding from the study showed that forest as a source of livelihood is important in all the study villages especially for the poor tribal households. The progress of implementation in Jharkhand is very slow and is not satisfactory as compared to Odisha. The progress has been slow due to a number of factors such as inadequate man power, lack of awareness among the claimants, weak legal, political and social mobilisation. There is also high ambiguity among the different implementing agencies relating to the actual process of implementation. The FRA, if implemented properly in both the states, will thus not only provide stable property rights on forest land but also enforce the entitlement of forest dwellers on forest produce such as non-timber forest products. Increased access to land and forest produce will provide them better livelihood opportunities and well-being.

The stable property of projective dimension

We introduce the concept of monomial ideals with stable projective dimension, as a generalization of the Cohen–Macaulay property. Indeed, we study the class of monomial ideals [Formula: see text], whose projective dimension is stable under monomial localizations at monomial prime ideals [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text]. We study the relations between this property and other sorts of Cohen–Macaulayness. Finally, we characterize some classes of polymatroidal ideals with stable projective dimension.

Cancer

Is cancer one or many? If many, how many diseases is cancer, exactly? I argue that this question makes a false assumption; there is no single “natural” classificatory scheme for cancer. Rather, there are many ways to classify cancers, which serve different predictive and explanatory goals. I consider two philosophers’ views concerning whether cancer is a natural kind, that of Khalidi, who argues that cancer is the closest any scientific kind comes to a homeostatic property cluster kind, and that of Lange, whose conclusion is the opposite of Khalidi’s; he argues that cancer is at best a “kludge” and that advances in molecular subtyping of cancer hail the “end of diseases” as natural kinds. I consider several alternative accounts of natural or “scientific” kinds, the “simple causal view,” the “stable property cluster” view, and “scientific kinds,” and argue that the diverse aims of cancer research require us to embrace a much more pluralistic view.