Inclination of houses induced by liquefaction in the 2018 Hokkaido Iburi-tobu earthquake, Japan

Background On September 6th, 2018, at 3:07 local time, a strong earthquake of magnitude Mw = 6.6 struck the east Iburi region in Hokkaido, Japan. Many serious damages such as landslide, liquefaction and collapse of houses occurred from this earthquake. Liquefaction caused road deformation and inclination of houses in Sapporo city, Hokkaido. In order to understand the damage caused by the earthquake, and find a solution to mitigate the liquefaction-induced damage in Sapporo city, a preliminary investigation of the 2018 Hokkaido Iburi-tobu earthquake was conducted from 18 to 20 September 2018. Results The damages to the houses at Satozuka town and Utsukushigaoka town in Sapporo city are focused on. The damage at Satozuka was so enormous that the residents could not continue to live in their houses. Although the inclination of houses can be seen by visual inspection at Satozuka, there were few houses where the inclination can be judged visually at Utsukushigaoka. Therefore we did a field survey of inclined houses by using a digital angle meter at Utsukushigaoka. Conclusions The inclination of 57 houses at Utsukushigaoka was measured, and the maximum value and direction of inclination are shown on the map. The houses located at the reclaimed land of the former river and former valley plain were inclined. Therefore, the old terrain greatly affected to the inclination of houses. These liquefaction-induced damage occurred in the same area where liquefaction occurred during the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake.

Pengaruh Jenis Target Sasaran Bidikan pada Pengukuran Jarak Hasil Pengukuran Electronic Total Station Reflector-less

ABSTRAKElectronic Total Station (ETS) merupakan gabungan dari alat ukur sudut dan jarak digital serta unit pemrosesan dan unit perekaman data. ETS Reflector-less merupakan sistem pada ETS untuk Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) atau alat pengukur jarak tanpa reflector. Spesifikasi ketelitian jarak reflector-less pada alat ETS Hi-Target ZTS 320R adalah sebesar (3mm + 2ppm x D) mm, dimana D adalah panjang jarak ukuran dalam satuan kilometer. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan kajian pengaruh jenis target terhadap kualitas hasil pengukuran ETS Reflector-less. Perbandingan jarak antara pita ukur baja dan ETS reflector-less dilakukan sebanyak 30 kali dengan jarak 20 m, 30 m, dan 50 m untuk masing-masing jenis target tembok bangunan, besi, kayu dan tanah. Hasil yang diperoleh ketelitian jarak reflector-less untuk jenis target tembok bangunan sebesar ± 0.002 m, jenis target besi sebesar ± 0.002 m, jenis target kayu sebesar ± 0.001 m, dan jenis target tanah sebesar ± 0.002 m.Kata kunci: ketelitian, jarak, reflector-less, ETS Hi-Target ZTS 320RABSTRACTElectronic Total Station (ETS) is a combination of reflector-less digital angle and distance measuring devices as well as processing units and data recording units. Reflector-less is a system on ETS for Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) or a distance meter without reflector. The specification of the accuracy of the reflector-less distance on the ETS Hi-Target ZTS 320R is equal to (3mm + 2ppm x D) mm, where D is the length of the distance distance in kilometers. This research aims to study the influence of the type of target on the accuracy of measurement results derived from ETS Reflector-less. The comparison of distance measurements between steel measuring tape and ETS reflector-less were performed 30 times with spacing of 20 m, 30 m, and 50 m for each target type, i.e building wall, iron, wood and soil. The accuracy of the ETS reflector-less distance for the building wall target type is ± 0.002 m, the target type of iron is ± 0.002 m, the target type of wood is ± 0.001 m, and the target type of land is ± 0.002 m.Keywords: accuracy, distance, reflector-less, ETS Hi-Target ZTS 320R

Viability of Hand and Wrist Photogoniometry

Background: No goniometric technique is both maximally convenient and completely accurate, although photogoniometry (ie, picture taking to facilitate digital angle measurement) shows promise in this regard. Our purpose was to test the feasibility and reliability of a photogoniometric protocol designed to measure wrist and digit range of motion in general. Methods: Two independent observers examined a sample of joints in both normal and abnormal hands according to a photogoniometric protocol. Interrater and intrarater correlation were calculated, and these measurements were compared with measurements made by a third independent examiner with a manual goniometer. Results: The photo-based measurements were reliable within and between observers; however, only a minority of these measurements were in agreement with manually collected values. Conclusions: At present, photogoniometry is not an acceptable alternative to manual goniometry for determining wrist and digit range of motion in general. Joint-specific photogoniometry should be the subject of future study, as should relevant imaging and software technology.

Visualization Spectrometer Based on Refit Xilinx FPGA

The spectrometer is a basic tool of optical measurement, having a wide application field. Because of its small visual range and used in a dark environment, traditional spectrometer cause eye fatigue, inconvenient in reading figure and its utilization rate is low. In order to solve these problems, I utilize Xilinx FPGA and CCD to retrofit the traditional spectrometer. Making the image which in the eyepiece shown on the displayer, realize the goal of Digital Angle measurement. The new design spectrometer has the advantage of operate simply, convenient maintenance, etc.