Computer therapy combined with non-invasive brain stimulation for sentence processing difficulties in post-stroke aphasia: a randomised control trial (the UTILISE study)

Background: We explore the efficacy of a new computer therapy for sentence comprehension and production impairments in post-stroke aphasia. The intervention is based upon the theoretical framework of usage-based Construction Grammar, which has yet to be systematically applied to the management of sentence processing disorders in aphasia. Components of the intervention were trialled in two small case series, with the results of one pilot used to inform a power calculation. The aims of the study are: (1) To determine if UTILISE therapy (Unification Therapy Integrating LexIcon and SEntences) for aphasic sentence processing impairment is more effective than usual care; (2) To determine if non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) enhances treatment outcomes; (3) To determine if improvements are evident in functional use of language after treatment; (4) To determine if any treatment effects are apparent after an 8-week maintenance period. Methods: We will conduct a Phase II prospective randomised control trial. The behavioural component of the study (computer therapy) is single-blinded on the primary outcome measure, while the tDCS element is double-blinded. The trial is conducted within a university setting and aims to recruit 66 participants with post-stroke aphasia from community and post-acute rehabilitation settings. After first baseline evaluation, participants are randomised on a 2:2:1:1 basis to one of four conditions: 1) immediate treatment + active tDCS; 2) immediate treatment + sham tDCS; 3) deferred treatment + active tDCS; 4) deferred treatment + sham tDCS. A second baseline assessment is completed prior to start of treatment with a gap of four weeks between baselines for the immediate groups, and eight weeks for the deferred groups. The deferred trial entry conditions act as a usual care control across their extended baseline phase. Treatment is administered in 12 x 60-minute sessions over a four-week period. Outcomes are assessed immediately at the end of intervention and after an eight week no treatment period. Participants will also undergo a structural magnetic resonance (MR) brain scan to determine lesion location and extent. The primary outcome measure is degree of connectivity (ratio of three-word combinations to total number of words) in spontaneous narrative speech (personal narratives and narration of picture cartoon series). Speech samples will be audio-recorded and subsequently transcribed and tagged by raters blind to allocation and phase. Analysis will be performed by automated analysis software (Frequency in Language Analysis Tool, FLAT; Zimmerer, Newman, Thomson, Coleman, & Varley, 2018). Secondary outcome measures are spoken sentence comprehension (Test of Reception of Grammar, TROG-2; Bishop, 2003), a study-specific story completion test (adapted from Goodglass, Gleason, Ackerman Bernholtz, & Hyde, 1972), and the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL-39; Hilari, Byng, Lamping, & Smith, 2003). A shortened form of a written synonym judgement task (adapted from the Action for Dysphasic Adults Auditory Comprehension Battery, A.D.A.; Franklin, Turner, & Ellis, 1992) is administered as a probe of an untreated behaviour.Discussion: In a series of planned comparisons, we will first determine the stability of behaviour between the two baseline evaluations. We will examine the efficacy of UTILISE through comparison of change in scores between the immediate and deferred entry group, and subsequent maintenance of any behavioural gains by change between the immediate outcome and the follow-up maintenance measures. We will explore the effect of active vs. sham tDCS, and the relationship between outcomes and demographic and behavioural profiles, and lesion size and location.

Increased Use of Blood Transfusions to Manage Urological Conditions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to an extensive reorganization of the healthcare system in Italy, with significant deferment of the treatment of urology patients. We aimed to assess the impact of deferred treatment during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the need for blood transfusions in 3 Italian urology departments. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We reviewed hospital chart data on blood transfusions at the urology units of 3 academic centers in the north of Italy from March to April 2020. Data were compared with values from the same time frame in 2019 (March to April 2019). <b><i>Results:</i></b> We observed significant reductions of the number of patients admitted to the urology units from March to April 2020 (373 vs. 119) and the number of performed surgeries (242 vs. 938) compared to 2019. Though, the number of transfused blood units was comparable between the 2 years (182 vs. 252), we found a greater mean number of blood units transfused per admission in 2020 (0.49 vs. 0.22; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.0001). As a whole, the transfusion rate for hematuria was higher in 2020 than in 2019 (36 vs. 7.9%; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.0001). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> The observed increased number of blood transfusions needed throughout the SARS-CoV-2 era could have had a negative impact on both patients and the healthcare system. It is possible to speculate that this is the consequence of a delayed diagnosis and deferred treatment of acute conditions.