Comparing landslide proximity to roads in national and event landslide inventories

<p>Road influence on landslides is an often-used variable in landslide susceptibility models. However, in many studies, there is limited detail explaining the processes and interactions between roads and landslides; instead a constant road buffer or standard function is used. Here, we present a spatial statistical analysis of landslide proximity to roads across a range of geographic settings and landslide inventory types. We examine the proximity of landslide centroids to roads at regional to national scales using twelve landslide inventories; with a variety of inventory types (6 triggered event, 6 multi-temporal), mapping methods (2 field based, 6 remote sensing, and 4 a combination of the two), and country of origin (6 high and 6 low human development index). Each inventory contains between ≈270 to 81,000 landslides (n<sub>Landslides</sub>) and covers areas of ≈80 km<sup>2</sup> to 385,000 km<sup>2</sup>.</p><p>We have developed a pyQGIS tool that calculates the distance between each landslide centroid and road vectors within the same drainage basin; this make sure no distances are calculated between landslides and roads that are on opposite sides of ridges and therefore do not influence each other. For each landslide inventory, we calculate the distance to the closest road for each landslide. We then compare this distribution that of a set of randomly generated points (number of random points is calculated for each landslide inventory using the equation n<sub>Landslides</sub>*100) to roads, to test whether landslide occurrence is influenced by road presence.</p><p>For ten of the twelve inventories, the results show no strong preference of landslides to occur closer to roads than the random points; the exceptions being landslide inventories that we believe have a bias towards roads due to the mapping remit (e.g. highway agencies). For some of the ten inventories showing no robust relationship with roads, we believe this is related to the location of the roads on the slope (e.g. at the toe, mid-slope or on the ridge), but it is not readily explainable in others. Based on our results, we suggest that a more nuanced use of road proximity within landslide susceptibility models should be adopted, and further research to understand the interactions between landslides and proximity to roads at the regional to national scale.</p>

Poles of the Standard -function of and the Rallis–Schiffmann Lift

We characterize the cuspidal representations of$G_{2}$whose standard${\mathcal{L}}$-function admits a pole at$s=2$as the image of the Rallis–Schiffmann lift for the commuting pair ($\widetilde{\text{SL}}_{2}$,$G_{2}$) in$\widetilde{\text{Sp}}_{14}$. The image consists of non-tempered representations. The main tool is the recent construction, by the second author, of a family of Rankin–Selberg integrals representing the standard${\mathcal{L}}$-function.

Social housing in Albania

Housing is a particularly important example of what might be thought of as a standard function of central and local government, a consequence of the increased requests of citizens for housing and an attempt to find the best way to realise these. Clearly, it represents an issue of significant social importance. Albania has approved Law No. 22/2018 On social housing, an essential act in the fulfilment of social housing programmes. The objective of the law is to define the rules and administrative procedures as regards the means of planning, insuring, administrating and distributing social housing, with the purpose of creating opportunities for suitable and affordable housing, relying on the capacity to pay of families in need of housing with the assistance of responsible state institutions. This Law is a very important step because, within its desire to facilitate social housing programmes, one part is dedicated to women as survivors of violence, a further step towards meeting the standards of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence.

Reliability of the individual components of the Canadian Armed Forces Physical Employment Standard

This investigation recruited 24 participants from both the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and civilian populations to complete 4 separate trials at “best effort” of each of the 4 components in the CAF Physical Employment Standard named the FORCE Evaluation: Fitness for Operational Requirements of CAF Employment. Analyses were performed to examine the level of variability and reliability within each component. The results demonstrate that candidates should be provided with at least 1 retest if they have recently completed at least 2 previous best effort attempts as per the protocol. In addition, the minimal detectable difference is given for each of the 4 components in seconds which identifies the threshold for subsequent action, either retest or remedial training, for those unable to meet the minimum standard. These results will educate the delivery of this employment standard, function as a method of accommodation, in addition to providing direction for physical training programs.

How Things Become Popular

This work discusses the mechanisms of popularity generation on the Internet. What we propose here is a model that replicates the statistical distribution profile of popularity. It is a probabilistic model of the number of individuals who read, hear or see, and then replicate a message, and parameterizes an individual’s preference for either new or older messages. Messages can gain in popularity according to a process of paying attention and the resulting popularity distribution has a stretched lognormal configuration. The stretch depends on the degree of attention paid to new messages versus that paid to older messages. We considered three sets of data to test the fit of the model: the American singers/songwriters listed on Wikipedia, videos on YouTube belonging to two different categories, and the number of visits to Wikipedia pages on music albums and film categories. Our main results adjust, with good approximation, to this experimental data. In each of the three case studies, the fit produced by the model is better adjusted to the data than the lognormal standard function.

Magnetotactic Bacteria Optimization Algorithm Based On Four Best-Rand Pairwise Schemes

Magnetotactic bacteria optimization algorithm (MBOA) is an optimization algorithm based on the characteristics of magnetotactic bacteria, which is a kind of polyphyletic group of prokaryotes with the characteristics of magnetotaxis that make them orient and swim along geomagnetic field lines. MBOA mimics the development process of magnetosomes (MTSs) in magnetotactic bacteria to solve problems. In this paper, four improved MBOAs are researched. Four pairwise MTSs regulation schemes based on the best individual and randomly chosen one are proposed in order to study which scheme is more suitable for solving optimization problems. They are tested on fourteen standard function problems and compared with many popular optimization algorithms, including PSO, DE, ABC and their variants. Experimental results show that all the schemes of MBOA are effective for solving most of the benchmark functions, but have different performance on a few benchmark functions. The fourth MBOA scheme has superior performance to the compared methods on many benchmark functions.

The Rankin–Selberg integral with a non-unique model for the standard -function of

Let$\mathcal{L}^{S}\left (s,\pi ,{\mathfrak{st}}\right )$be a partial$\mathcal{L}$-function of degree$7$of a cuspidal automorphic representation$\pi $of the exceptional group$G_2$. In this paper we construct a Rankin–Selberg integral for representations having a certain Fourier coefficient.