The Capitalinian: The First Geological Age of the Anthropocene

Assuming that the Anthropocene will soon be officially designated as the earth's current epoch, there remains the question of the geological age with which the Anthropocene begins. Adopting the standard nomenclature for the naming of geological ages, the term Capitalinian is proposed as the most appropriate name for the new geological age, conforming to the historical period that environmental historians see as commencing around 1950, in the wake of the Second World War, the rise of multinational corporations, and the unleashing of the process of decolonization and global development.

Marginal cost of multiple nomenclature conventions for SARS-CoV-2 variants (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Scientists placed less aligned emphasis on naming the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, and yet a holistic standard nomenclature scheme for viral variants remains to be fleshed out and full-fledged. In the context of the COVID-19 infodemic, the global profusion of stigmatizing geographical names for those variants have found their way into daily communication at the cost of social stigma in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study examines why standard nomenclature for SARS-CoV-2 variants rises to the occasion, as well as the rational principles of a curated nomenclature framework for viral variants and abbreviations. METHODS In the scientometric analysis experiment, we retrieved the metadata of 693 articles from the Web of Science Core Collections between 30 December 2019 and 25 March 2021, to demonstrate the stigmatizing geographical names of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the scientific sphere. In the global online news coverage experiments, we examined the compiled global online news volumes and emotional tones between December 2019 and May 2021 to demonstrate the emotional polarity of the contextualizing stigma over time. The results could cover 65 multilingual textual and visual narratives by leveraging the capacity of GDELT’s machine translation and neural network image recognition. In the genomic epidemiology experiment, we reproduced the genomic epidemiology of evolutionary SARS-CoV-2 exemplified by 3955 genomes from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic based on the Nextstrain database. RESULTS The results of the scientometric analysis show that some racial stereotypes of SARS-CoV-2 variants like “UK variant” have found their way in scientific literature. The global online news coverage experiments also indicate that such flawed word-blends are widely professed in news outlets in 65 different languages. After December 2020, those contextualizing stigmas in textual and visual narratives with extremely negative tones are fuelling the current COVID-19 infodemic in up to 100 countries. The genomic epidemiology experiment exemplifies that simply distinguishing variants based on the presumed locations would introduce new confusions in both the scientific sphere and the public. CONCLUSIONS The surveys suggest that current collective propensities to contextualizing stigmas would result in social costs, without a one-size-fits-all nomenclature framework for SARS-CoV-2 variants. Such urgent concern that evoked by multiple nomenclature conventions needs coordinated global responses. As an integral component of preparedness, we propose the rational principles of a standard nomenclature framework for viral variants and abbreviations based on heuristic introspection of naming practices for viral variants.

Classification and Computational Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Sperm Cell-Specific F-Box Protein Gene 3p.AtFBP113

In plants, F-box proteins (FBPs) constitute one of the largest superfamilies of regulatory proteins. Most F-box proteins are shown to be an integral part of SCF complexes, which carry out the degradation of proteins and regulate diverse important biological processes. Anthers and pollen development have a huge importance in crop breeding. Despite the vast diversity of FBPs in Arabidopsis male reproductive organs, their role in anther and pollen development is not much explored. Moreover, a standard nomenclature for naming FBPs is also lacking. Here, we propose a standard nomenclature for naming the FBPs of Arabidopsis thaliana uniformly and carry out a systematic analysis of sperm cell-specific FBP gene, i.e., 3p.AtFBP113 due to its reported high and preferential expression, for detailed functional annotation. The results revealed that 3p.AtFBP113 is located on the small arm of chromosome and encodes 397 amino acid long soluble, stable, and hydrophilic protein with the possibility of localization in various cellular compartments. The presence of the C-terminal F-box associated domain (FBA) with immunoglobulin-like fold anticipated its role in protein binding. Gene ontology based functional annotation and tissue-specific gene co-expression analysis further strengthened its role in protein binding and ubiquitination. Moreover, various potential post/co-translational modifications were anticipated and the predicted tertiary structure also showed the presence of characteristic domains and fold. Thus, the outcomes of the study will be useful in developing a better understating of the function of 3p.AtFBP113 during the process of pollen development, which will be helpful for targeting the gene for manipulation of male fertility that has immense importance in hybrid breeding.

Interactive Module Design Using The Course Lab Application Based on a Scientific Approach to Materials Business, Energy and Momentum

A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 150 words in length, the font style is Arial in Italic mode and the font size is 10. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.

Proposal of a new nomenclature for introns in protein-coding genes in fungal mitogenomes

Fungal mitochondrial genes are often invaded by group I or II introns, which represent an ideal marker for understanding fungal evolution. A standard nomenclature of mitochondrial introns is needed to avoid confusion when comparing different fungal mitogenomes. Currently, there has been a standard nomenclature for introns present in rRNA genes, but there is a lack of a standard nomenclature for introns present in protein-coding genes. In this study, we propose a new nomenclature system for introns in fungal mitochondrial protein-coding genes based on (1) three-letter abbreviation of host scientific name, (2) host gene name, (3), one capital letter P (for group I introns), S (for group II introns), or U (for introns with unknown types), and (4) intron insertion site in the host gene according to the cyclosporin-producing fungus Tolypocladium inflatum. The suggested nomenclature was proved feasible by naming introns present in mitogenomes of 16 fungi of different phyla, including both basal and higher fungal lineages although minor adjustment of the nomenclature is needed to fit certain special conditions. The nomenclature also had the potential to name plant/protist/animal mitochondrial introns. We hope future studies follow the proposed nomenclature to ensure direct comparison across different studies.

The stylistics analysis of the poem “raqeeb se, to the rival” by Faiz Ahmed Faiz

A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach, or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.