Choleric Cemeteries in the Landscape of the Northern Part of the Polish Jurassic Highland

This paper presents the results of ethnographic and archaeological research into potential places of epidemic burial (choleric cemeteries) in two communes in the northern part of the Polish Jurassic Highland, Janów and Mstów. In their descriptions and analysis, ethnographic sources (local memory, accounts provided by inhabitants) and archaeological sources (non-destructive prospecting, probing research) were applied. Apart from presentation of field material, the aim of the paper is to indicate the potential of a combined ethnoarchaeological method applied in research to the contemporary past and to the landscape understood as cultural heritage.

Ceremonial events at non-sites of memory: Seven framings of a difficult past

The author discusses uncommemorated and under-remembered sites of past violence in terms of the conditions of their transformation into memory sites. Commemorative ceremonies, which may be staged at non-sites of memory, are presented as affective media of memory and identity, demonstrating social responses to the sites, as well as placing the local past in the context of supra-local memory forms. The argument is grounded in the material gathered from fieldwork during the research project on uncommemorated sites of genocide in Poland and, predominantly, in a detailed case study of a ceremony witnessed by the author in 2016 in Radecznica (Lublin Voivodship) at a burial site of victims of the “Holocaust by bullets”. In the article the discourse of speeches delivered during the ceremony is analyzed, on the assumption that they can reveal rules of national Polish memory culture dictating what may be commemorated and how cultural mechanisms have a power to hinder commemoration. As a result, seven distinctive framings of past events that kept returning in subsequent speeches were identified and interpreted as “memory devices” that enable and facilitate recollection, but also mark out the limits of what can be remembered and passed on.

Vernacular memory and implicated communities

Abandoned sites of trauma in Poland appear to be forgotten, but their removal from social and cultural circles is only superficial. Frequently, these sites are inscribed into the local culture of memory and members of the local Polish communities can usually locate them and share stories about them. However, as they are not commemorated, there is an ambivalent aura around them. In 2017 two foundations (Zapomniane Foundation, The Matzevah Foundation) carried out an intervention into the landscape of Poland by marking thirty burial sites of Jewish victims of the Holocaust with simple wooden markers. The effects of that intervention shed light on the vernacular local memory of the Holocaust and the folk-traditional roots of the practices and behaviors related to these sites.

Historical assessments in Estonian society: The identity of Estonians and Russian speakers in the context of local memory politics

The article examines the foundations of the historical paradigm of the modern Republic of Estonia and the degree of its perception by the local population. With the proclamation of independence, the local establishment decided to completely break with the Soviet past and had to construct not only its own political mechanism, the vertical of power, but also a new historical paradigm that could become a fastening link of the emerging statehood, as well as the Estonian society itself (its Estonian-speaking and Russian-speaking parts). The Estonian memory policy directly influenced the shaping of the collective identity of the local population – to a greater extent Estonians than Russian speakers. The state historical policy failed to become a fastening link for the multinational Republic and predictably defends (and even implants) the historical views of the titular population, without considering other points of view.

КОЛЛЕКТИВНАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ И ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЛИТВЫ ВО ВЗАИМОСВЯЗИ С ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКОЙ

В статье рассматривается процесс складывания коллективной идентичности населения независимой Литвы в период 1990–2010-х гг. во взаимосвязи с местной политикой памяти. В момент обретения самостоятельности, в 1991 г., Литва являлась полиэтничным государством, где наряду с литовцами, составлявшими до 79% населения, проживали русскоязычные и поляки. В результате, местные власти столкнулись с необходимостью конструирования не только собственного политического механизма, вертикали власти, но и коллективной национальной идентичности, способной стать скрепляющим звеном нарождающейся государственности. Значительную роль в достижении данной цели сыграла литовская историческая политика, направленная не только на представителей титульного населения, но и на местные национальные меньшинства. В данной статье мы делаем попытку проследить особенности складывания коллективной идентичности, общественно-политического поведения литовцев, русскоязычных и поляков через исторические воззрения данных групп, а также степень восприимчивости населения Республики к государственной исторической парадигме. The article examines the collective identity of the population of independent Lithuania during the 1990s - 2010s in conjunction with local memory politics. At the time of gaining independence in 1991, Lithuania was a multinational state. Along with the Lithuanians, who constituted up to 79% of the population, it also had Russian-speaking and Polish residents. As a result, the local authorities faced the need to construct not only their own political mechanism but also a collective national identity capable of binding the emerging statehood. A significant role in achieving this goal was played by the Lithuanian historical policy, aimed not only at the ethnic Lithuanians but also at local ethnic minorities. In this article, we attempt to trace the formation of collective identity, the socio-political behavior of Lithuanians, Russian-speakers, and Poles through the historical views of these groups and the degree of susceptibility of the population of the Republic to the state historical paradigm.

Transaction Accelerator for Blockchain Networks Based on Cryptonight Algorithm using Specialized Multicore Processor MALT

Cryptonight is one of the possible base algorithms for cryptocurrencies. It belongs to the group of memory-bound algorithms, designed to prevent mining on specialized processors and ASICs by using 2MB of memory for each hash. Thus, it is not easy to adapt for parallel computing. The aim of this work is to prove theoretically and experimentally that this algorithm can still be optimized for a specialized multicore processor to make mining more energetically efficient than on CPU. This article describes the process of optimization, which was conducted using the following methods: data clustering, storage of repeatedly used data in local memory, usage of SIMD for parallel computing, data prefetch. Those methods are first explained, their supposed effectiveness analyzed, and then implemented. As a result, two schemes of algorithm optimization were created: first one is based on the usage of MALTs slave cores, which compute hashes independently. Although memory-boundness creates multiple problems, we were able to increase the efficiency by clustering data. The second scheme is more complicated, it suggests using SIMD processors for most cryptographic computations and also involves data prefetch, which becomes possible if more than one hash is calculated on one core at the same time. All the results are demonstrated in the paper and they indicate that it is indeed possible to optimize Cryptonight for a specialized multicore processor MALT. The practical results show that energy efficiency has increased 5 times in comparison with CPU.

Историческая память как фактор жизнестойкости

The article is devoted to preserving the historical memory of the civil war in Russia. The author shows the growing interest in the subject of historical memory in recent decades. The memory of the events of the civil war is very uneven. The memory of those who were defeated, but did not go into exile, is almost unclaimed. This situation gives a distorted picture of the events of 1917-1922 in the modern mass consciousness. The author draws attention to the peculiarities of local memory of the events of the civil war and evaluates the research opportunities for the demand for memory of events of a century ago.

“Jarnac’s Blow”: Local memory and the conflict of historical interpretations

В статье рассматривается казус, связанный с выражением «удар Жарнака» (coup de Jarnac), которое существует во французском языке по меньшей мере три столетия. Считается, что оно отсылает к последнему судебному поединку, имевшему место во Франции в 1547 г. Во время него один из дуэлянтов, Ги Шабо де Жарнак, смог ловким выпадом ранить своего противника, что и объясняет появление идиомы. Однако с высокой степенью вероятности она связана с другим событием, которое произошло на два десятилетия позже. В 1569 г. в сражении под Жарнаком выстрелом из пистолета был убит предводитель гугенотов, принц де Конде, причем произошло это в тот момент, когда он сдался на милость победителя. Статья посвящена месту обоих этих событий в национальной и лингвистической памяти. This article examines the expression "Jarnac’s blow" (coup de Jarnac), which existed in the French at least for three centuries. Supposedly it refers to the last judicial duel that took place in France in 1547. During the fight one of the duelists, Guy Chabot de Jarnac, was able to wound his opponent with a dexterous thrust, which explains the appearance of the idiom. However, it is highly probable that it was associated with another event that occurred two decades later. In 1569, at the battle of Jarnac, the leader of the Huguenots, Prince de Condé, was treacherously shot at the moment when he surrendered to the mercy of the winner. The article is devoted to the interpretation of these events in national and linguistic memory.