Desire for Success Awakens: Proof of Competence Restoration in a Non-competitive Environment

Pioneering studies reported that individuals who worked on a highly difficult task and experienced competence frustration beforehand would activate a restorative process and show enhanced autonomous motivation in a subsequent irrelevant activity. In this follow-up study, we explored the effect of prior competition outcome on one’s autonomous motivation in a subsequent non-competitive environment. According to our experimental manipulation, participants were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (a winning group and a losing group) and a control group. The experiment lasted for three sessions. Participants in the control group completed a single-player stop-watch (SW) task all along, while those in both treatment groups worked on a competitive SW task and competed for monetary rewards during Session 2 only. Electrophysiological data in Session 1 serve as the baseline and measure one’s trait-level autonomous motivation towards the SW game. For participants in the losing group, more pronounced difference wave of feedback-related negativity was observed in Session 3 compared with Session 1, suggesting enhanced autonomous motivation in Session 3. Such a pattern was observed in neither the winning group nor the control group. These results suggested that failure in a prior competition would activate one’s competence restoration in a subsequent non-competitive environment. Task difficulty and social competition are varied sources of competence frustration. Thus, our findings advanced understanding of the competence restorative process and helped clarify the dynamics between competition and human motivation.

Public Inquiries and Administrative Justice

The public inquiry represents a final accountability backstop in many jurisdictions—an institution born of the failures of other mechanisms to respond to scandals, crises, and disasters. While each inquiry responds to differing political and administrative dynamics, there are many shared features and challenges in delivering their mandate of truth and reform. This article analyses the shared design challenges inquiries face in developing historical narratives, holding actors to account, producing recommendations for change, and delivering a restorative process for victims. The discussion begins with a reflection on the theoretical and constitutional underpinning of the public inquiry, something often overlooked given the pragmatic nature of such mechanisms. The article then moves to the practice of inquiries, reflecting on how design of their remit and their procedures rests upon a clear and effective terms of reference. The article offers an analytical framework for understanding the normative and operational choices that determine whether an inquiry can be successful. For all the limitations that can be highlighted in relation to the operation of public inquiries, the article concludes that the institution has an important role to play in administrative justice. Yet for an inquiry to be an effective administrative justice change-maker, effective design and a clear remit need to be combined with broader public and political acceptance of the inquiry.

Their story: From creative writing of female prisoners to restorative theatre performance

Traditional reaction to crime is inefficient and experts are searching for innovative methods of social rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders. Restorative justice - an approach that respects interests of all the subjects affected by criminal offence, including victims, offenders and community - is becoming increasingly widespread as an addition to classical, formal judicial processes and punishments. Restorative process is efficient due to its powerful transformative mechanisms based upon dialogue, mediation, negotiation, reconciliation, forgiveness, symbolic rituals, reintegrative shaming, community support and control. Restorative elements emerge in various forms, including innovative programmes of work with prisoners, focused on social rehabilitation and reintegration, in order to prevent re-offending. Some of them implement therapeutic effects of art, as a means to help prisoners to: overcome deprivations, express emotions, heal past trauma, (re)establish healthy relationships, enhance empathy, strengthen self-confidence, rebuild positive identity and reintegrate in the community. On the grounds of Boal's "theatre of the oppressed", various forms of socially engaged theatrical genres evolved, including applied theatre, surpassing the borders of classical theatre and getting closer to performance. Theatre within the prison walls being one of them, we took the example of the theatre performance "Her Story", written and performed by prisoners from Correctional Institution for Women in Požarevac, Serbia. Completed through creative writing workshops and played in this penal institution, it is an example of applied theatre based upon art therapy with strong restorative effects. The points of intersection between restorative process and this theatre performance, make it stand out among other forms of applied theatre, providing it with particularly strong transformative effects. Following the case study of "Her Story", the authors of this paper have suggested further application of similar programmes and their promotion within the community, as an effective method of crime suppression through healing powers of art in synergy with restorative elements.

INITIATING THE UTILIZATION OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN COMPLETING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME CASES

Restorative justice is a way to deal with crime by balancing the needs of the community, victims and perpetrators. This is a more holistic solution for trying to understand crime and overcome the dynamics of criminal behavior, its causes and consequences. The focus of restorative justice is empowerment, participation and healing of victims of crime. This paper discusses the possibility of utilizing the concept of restorative justice towards solving environmental crime. Identifying victims of environmental crimes and how they are able to participate in the restorative process. In particular, pay attention to the ideas of the wider community, the sustainability of future generations and a better environment. This article explores the types of restorative results available, including reparations, restitution and compensation for the occurrence of environmental damage. By implementing a restorative process for environmental crime, restorative justice can be transformative for victims, perpetrators, the community, the environment and the criminal justice system so as to enable a more equitable outcome for environmental crime cases.

A Comparative Study of Light Transmission by Various Dental Restorative Materials and the Tooth Structure

Clinical Relevance Light transmission through dental materials and tooth structure has direct clinical implication on such factors as selecting an appropriate curing technique during a restorative process. SUMMARY Introduction: This study aims to quantify and compare the amount of light that passes through seven different types of direct and indirect restorative materials comprising light-cured resin based composites (regular and bulk-fill), computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) restoratives such as resin based composites, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resin, leucite glass-ceramic, lithium silicate glass-ceramic, feldspar ceramic, and the natural tooth structure. Methods and Materials: Individual sets (n=6) of plane-parallel test specimens (2 mm) of 32 restorative materials belonging to the aforementioned seven material types and the tooth structure were prepared. Within the analyzed materials, one leucite glass-ceramic and one lithium disilicate glass-ceramic were considered in two different translucencies. In addition, two light-cured resin composites, one CAD/CAM resin composite, and one lithium disilicate glass-ceramic were considered in two different shades. Optical properties (transmittance, T; absorbance, A; and opacity, O) of each material were calculated from the relationship between incident and transmitted irradiance [I(d)] using a violet-blue light-curing unit. Incident and transmitted irradiance were assessed in real time on a spectrophotometer. A multivariate analysis (general linear model) assessed the effects of various parameters on the optical properties. Results: A very strong influence of the parameter material was identified on I(d) (p<0.001; partial eta squared, ηP2=0.953), T (p<0.001; ηP2=0.951), A (p<0.001; ηP2=0.925), and O (p<0.001; ηP2=0.886), while the effect of the parameter material type was not significant (p=0.079, p=0.05, p=0.05, and p=0.051, respectively). Light attenuation differed significantly by material within each shade category and by shade category within the analyzed material. Conclusions: Attenuation of light through restorative materials and tooth structure is high (59.9% to 94.9%); thus, deficits in polymerization are difficult to compensate for by additional light exposure at the end of the restorative process.

FGCs in the youth justice system

This chapter assesses Family Group Conferencing in the youth justice arena. FGCs in the youth justice field sit under the umbrella of restorative justice. Restorative justice is the process of bringing together the ‘victim’ of a crime with the ‘offender’ to enable dialogue between the two parties with a focus on ‘repairing the harm’ to the victim. The restorative process is aimed at creating an outcome where the victim feels that justice has been served and that the offender is taking responsibility for their crime. The result is a ‘personalised’ justice process because it is the ‘victim’ who determines what needs to happen for them to feel that justice has been served. The chapter then looks at the ReConnect project, an FGC service based within Leeds Youth Offending service, to demonstrate that there is a broad need for family-centred responses to youth justice issues.