Analysis of the Loading on an Articulated Flat Wagon of Circular Pipes Loaded with Tank Containers

This research is concerned with the use of double walls filled with foam aluminum for an open wagon to decrease loading during operational modes. The research presents the strength calculation for the frame of a wagon with a consideration of the engineering solutions proposed. It was found that the maximum equivalent stresses appeared in the bottom section of the center sill behind the back support; they amounted to about 290 МPа and did not exceed the allowable values. The maximum displacements were in the middle parts of the main longitudinal beams of a section, and they amounted to 8.8 mm. The research also presents the strength calculation for a weld joint in the maximum loaded zones of the frame of a wagon and reports the results of the modal analysis of the frame of the improved wagon. It was found that the oscillation frequencies did not exceed the allowable values. The results of the research may be useful for those who are concerned about designing innovative rolling stock units and improving the operational efficiency of railway transport.

Experimental and numerical studies of boat waterjets with increased seakeeping performance

Object and purpose of research. The object of the research is a fundamentally new waterjet, intended for installation on ships of increased seakeeping performance with discrete-variable bottom deadrise. The purpose of the research is to develop and test three waterjet designs that can be installed on vessels with large deadrise, operating in severe weather conditions. Materials and methods. Experimental data of waterjet tests as a part of self-propelled models obtained in deep-water and cavitation test tanks of KSRC. Numerical simulation of the flow in water conduits of full-scale vessel taking into account the waterjet performance. Main results. As a result of the performed experimental and computational studies, the characteristics of three waterjet designs with partial-pressure water inlets were obtained: two waterjets with isolated single-elbow water ducts and inlets on the bottom section with medium deadrise, "II"design; two waterjets with combined water duct and inlets on the bottom section with maximum deadrise and double jet, “X” design; single waterjet with bifurcating two-elbow water duct and a pair of water inlets on the bottom section with maximum deadrise, “Y” design. Conclusion. The studies have shown that all the developed innovative waterjet designs are practically equal to conventional ones (or even better than them), and air suction creates a smooth, rather than a sharp force decrease on the impeller. The preference is given to a high-pressure water inlet with a bifurcated water inlet and a combined water conduit, because in intense waves, even if one of the inlets is aerated, the vessel will not abruptly lose speed or run off the course.

Development of a standard range of waterjets for vessels with high seakeeping performance

Object and purpose of research. The object of the research is a fundamentally new waterjet, intended for installation on ships of increased seakeeping performance with discrete-variable bottom deadrise. The purpose of the research is to develop and experimentally test the impeller and water duct for a variety of waterjet design possible for installation aboard vessels with large deadrise operating in severe weather conditions. Materials and methods. Test data for waterjet impellers obtained at KSRC Cavitation Tunnel for Special Propulsors. Main results. The study made it possible to select optimal impeller geometry and develop the shapes for water inlets and water ducts of three waterjet designs with partial-pressure water inlets: two waterjets with isolated single-elbow water ducts and inlets on the bottom section with medium deadrise, "II"design; two waterjets with combined water duct and inlets on the bottom section with maximum deadrise and double jet, “X” design; single waterjet with bifurcating two-elbow water duct and a pair of water inlets on the bottom section with maximum deadrise, “Y” design. Conclusion. The studies have shown that developed waterjet impeller features good hydrodynamic and cavitation characteristics, and possible air suction creates a smooth, rather than sharp, force decrease.

The Possibility of Hybrid-Bioreactor Heating by the Microwave Radiation

The hybrid bioreactor heated by microwave or conventional by hot water jacket is presented. The reactor consisted of two functional sections. The upper section was constituted by an unsinkable anaerobic biological bed, whereas the bottom section – by suspended anaerobic activated sludge. Both sections were closed in one casing. The study was conducted in mesophilic (35 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) conditions. Depending on the method of heating, the homogeneity of the temperature field in both functional parts of the reactor was determined. In mesophilic conditions only at measurement points located directly under the wave-guide the temperatures were significantly higher than in the other zones inside the reactor. This implies that it is possible to homogenous heat of the bioreactor in semi-technical scale by microwave irradiation. Under thermophilic conditions a homogenous field of temperature was obtained in the upper and in the bottom section of the bioreactor, however, significant differences were found in values of the temperature between the particular sections of the bioreactor.

Qumran Textiles and the Garments of Qumran’s Inhabitants

Among the Qumran textiles that were kept at the Rockefeller Museum was a group of textiles that were unusual for Qumran. Most of them were made of wool, and some were dyed or decorated. Their marking QCC—Qumran Christmas Cave indicates their origin. In 2007 the cave was investigated by Porat, Eshel, and Frumkin. The cave is located in the bottom section of Kidron valley and doesn’t belong to Qumran caves. It can now be determined that all of the textiles from Qumran are made solely of linen. They were free of any colored decoration, except for scroll wrappers that decorated in blue. This, and the simplicity and whiteness of the textiles from Qumran, is compatible with the literary sources. It appears that the people of Qumran wished to differentiate themselves from the rest of the population also on the basis of their style of garments.