Possessed by a slave, not slavery

The present paper is divided into three large steps around the themes of spirit possession and the historical imagination of slavery in Cuba. These three steps reflect both ethnographic dimensions of these themes and broader theoretical approaches towards them. The last step, ‘apomimesis’, is the one proposed by the author, not by way of replacement but displace­ment. The first step, ‘formulaic’ historical imagination, covers the ground of a direct expression of slavery as historical trauma through spirit possession. The second step, ‘mimesis’, displaces the first by adding into it the possibility of reversal, of empowerment, the slave becoming an anti-slave. The third creates another simultaneous condition. Through the negative dialectics of apomimesis the non-slave emerges.

Units-first or tens-first: Does language matter when processing visually presented two-digit numbers?

The linguistic structure of number words can influence performance in basic numerical tasks such as mental calculation, magnitude comparison, and transcoding. Especially the presence of ten-unit inversion in number words seems to affect number processing. Thus, at the beginning of formal math education, young children speaking inverted languages tend to make relatively more errors in transcoding. However, it remains unknown whether and how inversion affects transcoding in older children and adults. Here we addressed this question by assessing two-digit number transcoding in adults and fourth graders speaking French and German, that is, using non-inverted and inverted number words, respectively. We developed a novel transcoding paradigm during which participants listened to two-digit numbers and identified the heard number among four Arabic numbers. Critically, the order of appearance of units and tens in Arabic numbers was manipulated mimicking the “units-first” and “tens-first” order of German and French. In a third “simultaneous” condition, tens and units appeared at the same time in an ecological manner. Although language did not affect overall transcoding speed in adults, we observed that German-speaking fourth graders were globally slower than their French-speaking peers, including in the “simultaneous” condition. Moreover, French-speaking children were faster in transcoding when the order of digit appearance was congruent with their number-word system (i.e., “tens-first” condition) while German-speaking children appeared to be similarly fast in the “units-first” and “tens-first” conditions. These findings indicate that inverted languages still impose a cognitive cost on number transcoding in fourth graders, which seems to disappear by adulthood. They underline the importance of language in numerical cognition and suggest that language should be taken into account during mathematics education.

Pengujian model belief adjustment dan framing effect pada informasi akuntansi seri panjang terhadap pengambilan keputusan investasi

The objective of this research is to know whether there is a difference among investment decisions by non-professional investors if the provided informations are presented in some different ways. Belief adjustment model (order of information and disclosure pattern) and framing effect are pretended as some factors which influence investors to make different decision. Design experiment for this research is 2x2x2. Participants whom involved in this research were 111 students of STIE Perbanas Surabaya bachelor degree majoring in Accounting and Management. The statistical method used in this study is independent sample t-test or mann-whitney u-test. The results show that either step by step or end of sequence can caused recency effect, and it is greater for sequential condition than simultaneous condition. But, the result is inconsistent for end of sequence pattern which in some conditions can caused no order effect. In another side, the result also proved that framing effect can influence investor’s consideration in decision making.

On the Quasi-Transcendental: Temporality and Political Epistemology in Derrida’s Glas

Chapter 3 articulates how constitutive exclusion both grounds and troubles borders and foundations, acting as the simultaneous condition of possibility and impossibility for the body whose border it draws. I investigate this quasi-transcendental character through an analysis of Derrida’s reading of Hegel in Glas, and in his 1971–1972 course, “La famille de Hegel.” Derrida argues that the speculative dialectic of the Logic is distinguished from the empirical differences of nature through an account of gender produced as “natural” but which secures the gender of language and power. Relying on Derrida’s analysis of Antigone/Antigone, I flesh out the economy and retroactive temporality of constitutive exclusion. I give an account of transcendental as a performative role, and argue that retroactive temporality, in combination with the multiplicity diagnosed in Chapter 2, indicates that political bodies and agency are secured through a sedimented history of multiple constitutive exclusions.

Components of simultaneous interpreting: Comparing interpreting with shadowing and paraphrasing

Simultaneous interpreting is a complex task where the interpreter is routinely involved in comprehending, translating and producing language at the same time. This study assessed two components that are likely to be major sources of complexity in SI: The simultaneity of comprehension and production, and transformation of the input. Furthermore, within the transformation component, we tried to separate reformulation from language-switching. We compared repeating sentences (shadowing), reformulating sentences in the same language (paraphrasing), and translating sentences (interpreting) of auditorily presented sentences, in a simultaneous and a delayed condition. Output performance and ear–voice span suggest that both the simultaneity of comprehension and production and the transformation component affect performance but that especially the combination of these components results in a marked drop in performance. General lower recall following a simultaneous condition than after a delayed condition suggests that articulation of speech may interfere with memory in SI.

Effects of Multiple-Signal Discrimination on Vigilance Performance and Perceived Workload

Prior vigilance studies have shown that successive monitoring tasks involving absolute judgments are more capacity-demanding than simultaneous tasks which are comparative in nature. Most of these data stem from experiments utilizing simple discriminations and single-target displays, and, consequently, little is know regarding performance on sustained attention tasks with more complex displays. Observers in the present study monitored either one (O-bits display uncertainty), two (1-bit display uncertainty), or four (2-bits display uncertainty) indicators on a simulated aircraft display for the occurrence of critical signals presented in either a simultaneous or a successive format. Results indicated that correct detections declined as display uncertainty increased, and that this effect was more pronounced in the simultaneous format. Moreover, workload scores increased with display uncertainty, particularly in the simultaneous condition. These findings suggest that in more complex monitoring situations in which there is a scanning imperative successive tasks may have an advantage over their simultaneous counterparts.

Pragmatic factors in children's phrasal coordination

ABSTRACTThis study of children's conjunction reduction contrasted the syntactic view of forward and backward deletion of base structure elements with the idea that pragmatic factors of situational redundancy and perceptual grouping account for conjunction reduction. Ninety-four children described an action sequence (putting differently coloured beads into a cup) so that a listener positioned behind a screen could repeat them. Half the children communicated as the action was being carried out (SIMULTANEOUS condition), mitigating against perceptual grouping of beads in the cup. Half communicated after the action was completed (POST condition), permitting perceptual grouping. Backward deletion was more frequent in the post than in the simultaneous condition. Also, the overall high frequency of forward deletion reflected encoding of novelty and omission of repetitive elements. These results suggest syntax is pragmatically motivated.

Tachistoscopic Recognition of Syllabicated Words

In Experiment I, two-syllable words were presented in a multi-channel tachisto-scope. The whole word (W), first syllable (S1), and second syllable (S2) were displayed independently according to various schedules of successive 50-ms exposures; the exposures were in immediate succession, with no break apparent to the subject. Accuracy of identifying the words was facilitated by presenting a syllable before or after the whole word (S1W, S2W or WS1, WS2) in comparison with presenting the whole word alone (W). Presentation of the whole word for 100 ms (WW) produced better performance than sequential presentation of the first syllable, the whole word, and the second syllable for 50 ms each (S1WS2); the whole-word presentation (WW) was also superior to the reverse sequence (S2WS1). In Experiment II, strings of random digits were presented in the formats of S1WS2, WW, and S2WS1. Unlike the results of Experiment I, performance in the sequential conditions was not different from that in the simultaneous condition. It was concluded that sequential tachistoscopic presentation does not affect identification of unrelated characters, although it does disrupt the process of word recognition. Three hypotheses to explain the disruption were discussed: distortion of phonological representation, interruption of medial letter clusters, and fragmentation of the whole word.

Pictorial Coding of Verbal Descriptions

Two experiments are described in which subjects matched written verbal descriptions against pictures of geometric shapes. The first experiment demonstrated that a difference in reaction time between simultaneously displayed description picture and picture-picture combinations was entirely eliminated when a I-S delay occurred between the stimuli, implying that the description might be converted to a pictorial form of coding. A second experiment assessed the effects of variation in the complexity of the verbal description on description-picture comparison times, where the two displays might be presented simultaneously, or successively, with the description first, or the picture first. Complexity interacted with presentation conditions, having its greatest effect on the Simultaneous condition and least effect on the Successive condition in which the description preceded the picture. Some theoretical implications of these results are discussed.