Pyridinium 3-nitrobenzoate–3-nitrobenzoic acid (1/1)

The crystal structure of the product of the neutralization reaction between 3-nitrobenzoic acid and pyridine is reported. The entities that crystallized are a pyridinium cation, a 3-nitrobenzoate anion and a 3-nitrobenzoic acid molecule in a 1:1:1 molar ratio, C5H6N+·C7H4NO4 −·C7H5NO4. Distinct sets of hydrogen bonds link the pyridinium and benzoate ions (N—H...O) and the acid and benzoate moieties (O—H...O). The hydrogen bonding along with π–π stacking between the acid and benzoate moieties accounts for the long-range ordering of the crystal.

Speciation of Magnesium in Aerosols Using X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Related to Its Contribution to Neutralization Reactions in the Atmosphere

Aerosols, including mineral dust, are transported from China and Mongolia to Japan, particularly in spring. It has been recognized that calcium (Ca) carbonate is the main Ca species in aerosols, which reacts with acidic species such as sulfuric and nitric acids at the surface of mineral dust during its long-range transport, related to mitigation of acid depositions. The similar assumption that magnesium (Mg) originally takes the form of carbonate and contributes to the neutralization reaction and buffering effect on the acidity of aerosols has been suggested in various studies. However, few studies have confirmed this process by measuring actual Mg species in aerosols quantitatively. In this study, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was employed to determine Mg species in size-fractionated aerosol samples, including mineral dust. The results showed that (i) most Mg in the mineral dust did not take the form of carbonate and its reacted species (e.g., sulfate and nitrate) produced by the neutralization reaction, but (ii) Mg was mainly found as Mg in the octahedral layer in phyllosilicates. Given that the reactivity of such Mg in phyllosilicates is much lower than those in carbonate minerals, the contribution of Mg to the neutralization reactions in the atmosphere must be lower than previously expected.

Indirect hemagglutination reaction in ram infectious epididymitis for indication of Brucella ovis antigen in biomaterial

The reaction of indirect hemagglutination with an antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum is one of the promising methods for identifying the causative agent of infectious diseases or antigen. This preparation has not yet been developed for the diagnosis of infectious epididymitis of rams. The results of the preparation of an antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum in the reaction of indirect hemagglutination for the detection of the causative agent of infectious epididymitis in various biological material are presented in the article. As a result of scientific research, authors developed the method for obtaining an original Brucella ovis antibody diagnosticum for the reaction of indirect hemagglutination by sensitizing sheep erythrocytes with hyperimmune Brucella ovis serum using alizarin blue indicator of the epididymitic pathogen or antigen in biomaterial as the conjugate. Studies have shown the specificity and higher sensitivity of the indirect hemagglutination reaction with the antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum, compared with the antibody neutralization reaction and the bacteriological method, and its suitability for the indication of Brucella ovis antigen in biomaterial and environmental objects. It was also found that the reaction of indirect hemagglutination with antibody diagnosticum is much faster than the reaction of neutralization of antibodies and the bacteriological method. Research to improve the diagnosis of infectious ram epididymitis caused by Brucella ovis has been completed with the development of the antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum for the indirect hemagglutination reaction.The high specificity and activity of this preparationwas established by the authors. As a result of the studies carried out to test the diagnostic value of the antibody diagnosticum, a higher sensitivity of the indirect hemagglutination reaction using the new antibody diagnosticum, compared with the neutralization reaction of antibodies and the bacteriological method, and the suitability of using the diagnosticum for the indication of the Brucella ovis antigen in biomaterial, was established, which meets the requirements for express methods for detecting antigens in pathological material.