SEKAR RARE SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN NILAI ETIKA HINDU DI PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI

Dharmagita is a sacred religious song that is sung during religious ceremonies. Within a specific scope, Dharmagita can be sung at the level of formal, non-formal and informal education. Because the benefits are very important for Hindus, and even used to accompany dances that are profane and sacred, children's play, and even worship to Ida Sanghyang Widhi wasa. Sekar rare as a children's song that has a cheerful character, as an accompaniment to children's games today needs to be raised from an early age to an adult level, with the aim of fostering social sensitivity, courtesy, sradha bhakti, as Hindu ethical values. In reality, it is rarely used by PAUD teachers because of the lack of references, and they are still focused on implementing a complete curriculum, so it needs to be awakened. Therefore, it is necessary to study about sekar rare as a medium for learning Hindu ethical values in PAUD. The method used in the meaning of rare sekar is qualitative descriptive. Data analysis refers to interpretive data and facts. There are several Hindu ethical values contained in Dolanan, Gending Janger, and Gending Sanghyang, namely divine values, compassion values, national values, sradha bhakti values, and social values.

Going beyond F0: The acquisition of Mandarin tones

Using a semi-spontaneous speech corpus, we present evidence from computational modelling of tonal productions from Mandarin-speaking children (4- to 11-years old) and adults, showing that children exceed the adult-level tonal distinction at the age of 7 to 8 years using F0 cues, but do not reach the high adult-level distinction using spectral cues even at the age of 10 to 11 years. The difference in the developmental curves of F0 and spectral cues suggests that, in Mandarin tone production, secondary cues continue to develop even after the mastery of primary cues.

Flexible decision-strategy improvements in children

Children often perform worse than adults on tasks that require focused attention. While this is commonly regarded as a sign of incomplete cognitive development, a broader attentional focus could also endow children with the ability to find novel solutions to a given task. To test this idea, we investigated children's ability to discover and use novel aspects of the environment that allowed them to improve their decision-making strategy. Participants were given a simple choice task in which the possibility of strategy improvement was neither mentioned by instructions nor encouraged by explicit error feedback. In two experiments, 39 adults executed the instructed strategy well, but only 28.2\% of participants improved their task strategy with time. Children (n = 47, 8 -- 10 years of age) made approximately twice as many errors in executing the instructed choice rule, but were as likely as adults to improve their strategy (27.5\% of participants). A task difficulty manipulation did not affect results. The lack of age differences in flexible strategy updating was contrasted not only by substantial differences in task-execution, but also by reduced working memory and inhibitory control in children relative to adults. Our results suggest that children have adult-level abilities to find alternative task solutions. This capacity does not depend on adult-level cognitive control.