SIMULASI NUMERIK KENDALI KAPAL CEPAT TAK BERAWAK DUA PROPELLER TANPA RUDDER

This paper discusses the simulation of automation control and hull manufacturing on a fast boat. This high-speed boat that will be carried out for fish mapping. This study uses a numerical simulation to predict its motion. The experiment was carried out 3 times in forward motion, and 3 times in turn motion. The ship’s time and movement in ideal conditions will be recorded for each experiment. With the PID value for forward overshoot with values such as: 8.94%, 30.86%, and 40.60%, while turning overshoot is obtained, among others: 25.77%, 49.82%, and 61.15% Then the advanced settling time obtained includes: 0.91 seconds, 3.84 seconds, and 5.31 seconds. The settling time for turns is: 1,022 seconds, 0.85 seconds, and 0.84 seconds These values are obtained from the simulation graph of the three-dof formulas for surge, sway, yaw.

Comparative chromosome studies in species of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae)

In our study, FISH mapping using 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA and 5S rDNA sequences was performed for the first time on Ophrys tenthredinifera Willdenow, 1805, Serapias vomeracea (Burman f., 1770) Briquet, 1910 and Himantoglossum hircinum (Linnaeus, 1753) Sprengel, 1826. A detailed study was also performed on O. tenthredinifera using Giemsa-staining, silver-staining, CMA fluorescence banding and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with rDNA probes. We analysed two subspecies, i.e. O. tenthredinifera subsp. neglecta (Parlatore, 1860) E.G. Camus, 1908 and O. tenthredinifera subsp. grandiflora (Tenore, 1819) Kreutz, 2004 by the traditional Feulgen method and constructed the karyotype. The cytotaxonomic implications for both taxa are also discussed. In Himantoglossum hircinum, FISH and silver staining highlighted differences in the number of two rDNA families (35S and 5S) with respect to Barlia robertiana (Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 1807) Greuter, 1967. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridisation was also applied to diploid (2n = 2x = 36) and triploid (2n = 3x = 54) Anacamptis morio (Linnaeus, 1753) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon et M.W. Chase, 1997. As far as we are aware, this is the first case of autotriploidy observed in A. morio.