The expanded interactional model of exercise addiction

Background and aims Cited in over 100 articles, the interactional model of exercise addiction (Egorov & Szabo, 2013) forms the theoretical foundation of many studies on the risk of exercise addiction. Still, the inclusion of previously omitted determinants could make it more useful. Therefore, this review presents the expanded version of the original model. Method We added ‘self-concept’ as another determinant in the ‘personal factors’ domain and ‘attractive alternatives’ to the ‘situational factors’ domain. Further, we doubled the reasons for exercise in the ‘incentives for exercise domain.’ Last, we added a new domain, the ‘exercise-related stressors,’ to illustrate that exercise itself might be a source of stress. Results The expanded model is more inclusive and accounts for a greater combination of interactions playing roles in exercise addiction. Overlooking the eventuality that stress resulting from exercise might also fuel the dysfunction was a significant omission from the original model, rectified in the current update. Finally, the new expansions make the model more applicable to competitive situations too Conclusion The expanded interactional model of exercise addiction is more comprehensive than its original version. It also accounts for the exercise or sport-related stress as possible fuel in addictive exercise behavior.

ATTITUDE IN ABSTRACTS: STANCE EXPRESSION IN TRANSLATION PRACTICE REPORTS AND INTERPRETATION PRACTICE REPORTS BY CHINESE STUDENTS

Given the importance of stance expression in the writing of abstracts, this study adopted a corpus-based comparative approach to investigate the stance expression in abstracts of the Translation Practice Report (TPR) and the Interpretation Practice Report (IPR), which are two newly emerging reporting genres in Master of Translation and Interpretation (MTI) in China. Based on a set of corpora composed with 30 TPR abstracts (8,738 tokens) and 30 IPR abstracts (8,699 tokens) collected from 30 universities located in 16 provinces in China, the stance expression was examined in terms of hedges, boosters, attitude markers, and self-mention by employing the stance framework in Hyland’s (2005) interactional model. The findings revealed a genre-specific convention in utilizing the four categories of stance in both the TPR abstracts and the IPR abstracts, which is different from that in the abstracts of the empirical studies. The analysis also found discipline-specific variations of stance expression between the two corpora due to different disciplinary conventions and practice of the two subdisciplines. Then, the interviews with the insider informants were conducted to clarify and to enrich the research findings. The results in the study may be taken as a useful reference to expressing attitude in writing the abstracts in the MTI field of China, and possibly in other fields.

Interactional Metadiscourse Markers. A Survey Study on Iranian M.A. TEFL Theses

The present study examined the differences in the use, type, and frequency of interactional metadiscourse markers in theses written by M.A. TEFL graduates including 10 males and 10 females from Malayer University. The selected corpus was analyzed using Hyland’s in 2005 interactional model of metadiscourse. The data were explored through a manual corpus analysis method using Adobe PDF reader software. Moreover, a Chi-Square statistical measure was run to examine whether there were any significant differences in the use of metadiscourse markers in different thesis chapters and across different genders. The results revealed that although there were some subtle differences in the frequency and types of these metadiscourse markers, there was no statistically significant difference between two genders in the use of interactional metadiscourse markers. Besides, it was concluded that there was a significant relationship between the chapters of theses and the use of metadiscourse markers. The findings of this study render some pedagogical implications for writing courses at M.A. and PhD levels in the realms of TEFL and ESP. Keywords: Metadiscourse, Interactional markers, Applied Linguistics, M.A. thesis, Gender

The Group Experience in Camping

“The Group Experience in Camping: Observations from Schwartz and Shulman” pairs an April 1960 article by social worker William Schwartz with commentary by Lawrence Shulman, who has continued to enhance Schwartz’s Mutual Aid or Interactional model of group work. Schwartz explores some factors inherent in the resident camp setting as a unique group experience: the compressed time frame, the rapid demand for intimacy, being away from home and “insulated” from the outside world. All these aspects produce intense cabin-group interaction. Schwartz discusses several implications related to the camp milieu that impact the individual camper. Shulman introduces the article by providing a snapshot of Schwartz’s perspective and follows the article with an analysis proposing that Schwartz’s 1960 article represents a way-station en route to the model he elaborated in 1961.