ESG as a Measure of Credit Ratings

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) measures on credit ratings given to non-financial institutions by the largest credit rating agencies according to economic sector divisions. The hypotheses were as follows: a strong negative impact on non-financial institutions’ credit rating changes will result from ESG risk changes, and the reaction of credit rating changes will vary in different sectors. Panel event models were used to verify these hypotheses. The study used data from the Thomson Reuters Database for the period 2010–2020. The analysis was based on the literature on credit rating determinants and on papers and reports on COVID-19, ESG factors, and their impact on credit rating changes. Linear decomposition was used for the analysis. To verify these hypotheses, long-term issuer credit ratings presented by Moody’s and Fitch for European companies listed on these stock exchanges have been used. In the analyses, financial and non-financial factors were also considered. The results suggested that, within the last year, the methodology presented by credit rating agencies has changed, and ESG factors are one of the basic measures that are used to verify credit rating changes, especially those related to the pandemic.

Credit Rating Agencies and Their Effects: An Analysis on Balkan Countries

The financial structure in the world has become more complex with the increase in global capital movements. For this reason, credit rating agencies have emerged as an important component of the financial structure. Standard and Poors, Moody's and Fitch are the three most important companies in this market. The grades given by these institutions highly affect the economic situation of the countries. In this study, information is given about credit rating agencies and it is aimed to measure the effect of the points given to countries by Standard and Poors, Moody's and Fitch, which are the most important of these institutions, on the economy. For this purpose, the effect of credit scores on the economic growth of Balkan countries except Kosovo was analyzed using panel data analysis method. In addition, unemployment, inflation, current account balance and budget balance data were included in the analysis. The findings obtained show that credit scores have an effect on the economic growth of countries.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON IMPACT OF CREDIT RATING ON CREDIT RISK OF BANKS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

In the financial markets, for investors, lenders, and issuers, credit rating agencies (CRAs) have a critical part in reducing the asymmetry of information between various parties. Credit ratings allow us to recognize the credit impending of a region's individuals. The paper clearly describes the role played in the establishment of a nation by credit rating agencies; there is a rise in new start-ups as all investors are rated favorably. Banks are helping to recognize the investment position of India. The main aim of the study is to analyze the research gap on the impact of credit rating on credit risk with a review of the literature. The study briefly explains the research gap which helps to analyze the factors which are responsible for credit risk. The study analyzes the definitions of basic terms, the origin of credit rating agencies’ objectives, and the scope of the present study and the literature review by assessing the credit rating users and examined the consequence of credit rating agencies on the Indian financial markets. Based on the nationwide and worldwide literature it is found that if the credit history of the investors is good then their credit score would be better and positive. It would also be incredibly convenient to collect loans. Finally, it is concluded that there is a positive impact of Credit Rating on Credit Risk of banking sectors in India.