Linking stormwater control performance to stream ecosystem outcomes: incorporating a performance metric into effective imperviousness

Stormwater control measures, such as raingardens, tanks, or wetlands, are often employed to mitigate the deleterious effects of urban stormwater drainage on stream ecosystems. However, performance metrics for control measures, most commonly pollutant-load reduction, have not permitted prediction of how they will change stream ecosystems downstream. Stream ecosystem responses have more commonly been predicted by catchment-scale measures such as effective imperviousness (percentage of catchment with impervious cover draining to sealed drains). We adapt effective imperviousness, weighting it by a performance metric for stormwater control measures aimed at stream protection, the stream stormwater impact metric. Weighted effective imperviousness can serve as a predictor of stream response to stormwater control. We demonstrate its application in a before-after-control-reference-impact experiment aiming to test if stream health is improved by dispersed stormwater control measures. Trends in weighted effective imperviousness showed wide variation in degree of stormwater control achieved in the six experimental sub-catchments, despite similar effort in implementing control measures across the sub-catchments. Greater reductions in weighted effective imperviousness (on a log-scale, on which stream response is predicted) per unit effort were observed in smaller catchments with lower starting effective imperviousness. While implementation of control measures was sufficient to expect a stream response in at least two of the experimental sub-catchments, we did not achieve the reduction in effective imperviousness that we were aiming for. Primary limitations to success were the lack of available space in these established suburbs, particularly for final control measures near pipe outlets into streams, and a lack of demand for harvested stormwater. The use of the continuous variable, weighted effective imperviousness, to measure impact on streams, and the protracted period of SCM implementation that varied among catchments, required a new approach to modelling “before-after-control-impact” experiments, which has potentially broader application.

Regression Tree Analysis for Stream Biological Indicators Considering Spatial Autocorrelation

Multiple studies have been conducted to identify the complex and diverse relationships between stream ecosystems and land cover. However, these studies did not consider spatial dependency inherent from the systemic structure of streams. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the relationship between green/urban areas and topographical variables with biological indicators using regression tree analysis, which considered spatial autocorrelation at two different scales. The results of the principal components analysis suggested that the topographical variables exhibited the highest weights among all components, including biological indicators. Moran′s I values verified spatial autocorrelation of biological indicators; additionally, trophic diatom index, benthic macroinvertebrate index, and fish assessment index values were greater than 0.7. The results of spatial autocorrelation analysis suggested that a significant spatial dependency existed between environmental and biological indicators. Regression tree analysis was conducted for each indicator to compensate for the occurrence of autocorrelation; subsequently, the slope in riparian areas was the first criterion of differentiation for biological condition datasets in all regression trees. These findings suggest that considering spatial autocorrelation for statistical analyses of stream ecosystems, riparian proximity, and topographical characteristics for land use planning around the streams is essential to maintain the healthy biological conditions of streams.

Small hydraulic structures, big environmental problems: is it possible to mitigate the negative impacts of culverts on stream biota?

The present study is a broad and critical review of the transdisciplinary literature on the construction of culverts and their impacts on stream hydrology and geomorphology as well as on stream habitats and biota. For engineers, a culvert is a structure, usually of the tunnel type, that transfers a stream or open drain under a road, railway line or other obstacle from one side to the other. In fact, culverts are complex hydraulic structures whose impacts on stream ecosystems must be evaluated and understood before they are designed. The objective of this paper is to analyse and discuss recent knowledge about culvert functioning in terms of their negative effects on the passage of freshwater biota, particularly fish, and on entire stream ecosystems. We present the results of many studies showing that improperly designed culverts are barriers for migrating animals and usually have serious ecological consequences (mainly fish life history disturbances). We also pay attention to different culvert modification methods that increase their passability for organisms and mitigate culvert impacts on the surrounding environment. The other purpose of this review is therefore to emphasize that the integration of the knowledge and professional experience of biologists and ecologists with those of river managers, river engineers, hydraulic engineers, hydrologists and geomorphologists is necessary to design culverts that preserve the natural properties of streams.

Biochemical influence of amphidromous shrimps on stream ecosystems in Japan

Not only through species interactions but also through excretion of nutrients, consumers can have profound effects on the ecosystem structure. While many studies in lentic ecosystems address both effects in combination, little is known about their linkages in lotic ecosystems. By a combination of field manipulative experiment, excretion measurements of consumes, and field surveys, we evaluated biochemical effects of amphidromous shrimps on stream ecosystems. The field manipulative experiment showed that the presence of shrimp suppressed the total aquatic insect biomass by 9% but increased the total benthic macroinvertebrate biomass including the shrimps by 196%. The biomass-specific NH4+ excretion rate by shrimp was similar to aquatic insects, and the calculated mean NH4+ excretion by benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage was 144% higher in the presence of shrimps. On the other hand, shrimps excreted much less PO43− than aquatic insects, and the PO43− excretion by the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage did not change by the presence of shrimps. The field survey showed a positive correlation between NO3− concentration in stream water and shrimp density, suggesting that the excess NH4+ was nitrified and raised NO3− concentration. In contrast, PO43− concentration in stream water was negatively associated with the shrimp density, indicating that the dominance of shrimps that excrete little PO43− decreased the PO43− concentration. While nutrient concentration of stream water is often attributed to the condition of the watershed area, the results of this study indicate downstream connectivity to the ocean can also influence the nutrient dynamics of the stream through the density of amphidromous shrimps.