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2022 ◽  
pp. 20-40
Author(s):  
Wilfried Marxer

Municipalities of Liechtenstein enjoy a considerable degree of autonomy. There are matters which, according to the Municipality Act, must be decided by the entirety of the municipality's citizens who are entitled to vote. Furthermore, a referendum can be held against decisions of the municipal council by collecting signatures, or a popular vote on certain issues can be triggered through a citizens' initiative. In such ballots, citizens who are entitled to vote and reside in the municipality are admitted. In case of votes on the naturalisation of foreign nationals, only those who are resident in and have citizenship of the municipality in question are entitled to vote. Votes on naturalisation are more frequent than votes on matters of substance. Initiatives at municipal level, on the other hand, are rare. Municipal citizens can also exert direct influence at national level. Direct democratic instruments at national level can be taken by a nationwide collection of signatures or three or four identical municipal resolutions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 211-239
Author(s):  
Erol Ülker

Abstract This article aims to reassess the evolution of Mahir Çayan’s theory of uninterrupted revolution in the context of the radical ideological currents of the long sixties in Turkey. It concentrates on Çayan’s relations with the National Democratic Revolution (Milli Demokratik Devrim, mdd) movement that enjoyed a considerable degree of political and ideological authority over the youth movements starting in the second half of the 1960s. The article discusses how Çayan interpreted and attempted to revise the theory of national democratic revolution by reference to the changing characteristics of imperialism and colonial domination. Consideration is given to Çayan’s critical approach towards the role of Kemalists in the anti-imperialist bloc to be formed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Shu-Hua Jiang ◽  
Robert Lücking ◽  
Hua-Jie Liu ◽  
Xin-Li Wei ◽  
Amanda Barreto Xavier-Leite ◽  
...  

We employed a molecular phylogenetic approach using five markers (ITS, nuSSU, nuLSU, TEF1-α, and RPB2) to assess potential cryptic speciation in foliicolous members of Strigula s.lat. (Strigulaceae), including the recently segregated genera Phylloporis, Puiggariella, Raciborskiella, Racoplaca, and Serusiauxiella, from tropical areas in Asia, with selected materials from the Neotropics as reference. On the basis of combined molecular and phenotypic datasets, two new species of Racoplaca and 10 new species of Strigula s.str. are described: Racoplaca macrospora sp. nov., R. maculatoides sp. nov., Strigula guangdongensis sp. nov., S. intermedia sp. nov., S. laevis sp. nov., S. microcarpa sp. nov., S. pseudoantillarum sp. nov., S. pseudosubtilissima sp. nov., S. pycnoradians sp. nov., S. sinoconcreta sp. nov., S. stenoloba sp. nov., and S. subtilissimoides sp. nov. In addition, we propose the new combination Phylloporis palmae comb. nov. (≡ =Manaustrum palmae) and we validate the earlier combination Racoplaca melanobapha comb. nov. (≡ Verrucaria melanobapha; Strigula melanobapha). Our data clearly indicate a considerable degree of cryptic diversification in foliicolous representatives of Strigula s.lat., particularly in the presumably widespread taxa Strigula antillarum, S. concreta, S. nitidula, and S. smaragdula. Given that these phylogenetic revisions are thus far limited to few regions, we predict that our findings only represent the proverbial tip of the iceberg in this group of lichenized fungi.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2103 (1) ◽  
pp. 012148
Author(s):  
D A Andryushchenko ◽  
M S Ruzhevich ◽  
A M Smirnov ◽  
N L Bazhenov ◽  
K D Mynbaev

Abstract Photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for the studies of the properties of HgCdTe samples with CdTe molar fraction x=0.3 grown by various methods. According to the results of photoluminescence studies, all samples possessed a considerable degree of alloy disorder, yet the scale of the disorder seemed not to be directly related to the structural quality of the material as revealed using XRD. Prospects of using HgCdTe material grown by various methods in optoelectronic devices are discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6966
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Dandan Yang ◽  
Yingying Liu

Recycling can benefit our community and the environment to a considerable degree through the link between collection and processing. Governments and companies make substantive efforts to develop effective communication strategies that encourage people to conduct recycling behaviors by using recycling-aiding products. Across three lab experiments, this research finds that negative frames are more effective in convincing consumers to purchase recycling-aiding products than positive frames. The results can be explained through perceived value and pro-environmental personal norms. Furthermore, negative frames are more effective for consumers with lower environmental involvement. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to examine the framing effect as it applies to communicating messages about recycling-aiding products. Finally, our conclusions provide solid theoretical support and suggestions for policymakers and marketers, such as designing specific advertisements tailored to different demographics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
Halszka Leleń

The article traces the orientation of ‘An Epiphany Tale’ (published in 1983) by George Mackay Brown on establishing and maintaining the contact with the reader through the development of multiple aesthetic and aural techniques that are rooted in the tradition of modernism, but expanding and transposing it to a considerable degree. Brown adopts a quasi-philosophical way of narrating a story that anticipates the contemporary existential, phenomenological and aesthetic theoretical insights. The aim of the discussion is to present the text’s semiotic patterns and relate them to the phonetic devices that contribute to what Garrett Stewart called the principle of evocalization. This helps to determine how Brown functionalizes the evoked soundscapes (as theorized by Schafer) and connects them with philosophical and anagogic orientation in reception so as to exploit the story’s thematic focus on a series of epiphanies that reveal the underlying semiotic and aesthetic aspects of ordinary existence. The short story reveals a variety of direct and indirect techniques that create an opposition between what is suggested of reality and what is demonstrated on the level of artistic, literary communication.


LingVaria ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Romana Łapa ◽  
Agnieszka Słoboda

Linguistic Exponents of the Legislator’s Intention in the Działyński Code The article presents syntactic methods of expressing the legislator’s intentions in the medieval legal document called Kodeks Działyńskich (the Działyński code). The intention is understood by the authors as ‘the goal towards which the action of the legislator is directed’. This type of element of a legislative text does not appear in modern legal texts, apart from the Code of Canon Law. However, in the oldest texts, the purpose of which was to change a functioning custom into binding law, the justification for introducing certain regulations was very important. We also pay attention to the information about the legislator, which is included in the text. The information is expressed by pluralis maiestaticus forms of performative verbs. Three types of syntactic structures serve to express the intention of the legislator: subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunction: aby, participial sentence equivalents based on the verb chcieć, and prepositional phrases with prepositions: na, ku and dla. These structures usually occur in preposition to the superior predicate. The fragments excerpted from the text are characterized by a considerable degree of cohesiveness, not only in terms of meaning but also in structure. A sentence or a participal construction in the semantic relation of the goal functions in a broader context, therefore it becomes necessary to introduce reference indicators and anaphorical elements such as repetitions, pronouns and pronominalization.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
TORODD KINN

The article proposes a novel analysis of NPN constructions, exemplified by English expressions like back to back and year after year. An NPN is typically composed of two identical bare singular count nouns with a preposition between them. Previous research tends to treat NPNs as highly idiosyncratic. While acknowledging some idiosyncrasies, the present contribution shows that NPNs exhibit a considerable degree of regularity and compositionality. A widespread view that bare singulars normally do not function as arguments is shown to rest on weak foundations. As a consequence, the present approach is able to show that NPNs are, at the core, NPs with PP modifiers. Nominal NPNs have this basic structure, while adverbial NPNs involve an extra layer of semantics and are exocentric constructions. A distinction between nominal types and instances is employed to account for the semantics of bare singulars. NPNs exhibit two kinds of emergent meanings, leading to chain NPNs and twin NPNs. The different semantic structures of these NPN subtypes explain why some NPNs can have nominal in addition to adverbial functions. The data comes mostly from Norwegian. Details differ between languages, but central parts of the analyses can be assumed to hold for other languages as well.


2021 ◽  
pp. 326-330
Author(s):  
John Parker

This chapter concludes by returning to where the book started, to the beginning of time, when Odomankoma fashioned something unspeakable: adee, the 'Thing'. The Thing, as recounted by the ntumpane, was death, and its first victim was Odomankoma himself. The chapter recalls how Odomankoma became the first of countless others to mount the proverbial ladder of death, dead yet somehow not dead, leaving humankind to fend for itself in a threatening and mysterious world. It demonstrates that death and the dead stood at the very heart of those cultures and that they materialized in myriad ways as historical action. Ultimately, the chapter examines the identifiable history of death among the diverse peoples of the Gold Coast and the forest and savanna beyond. It analyzes how mortuary cultures in independent Ghana appear to have been characterized by a considerable degree of continuity over the four centuries.


Author(s):  
Arvinder Kaur ◽  
Ms. Simranjit Kaur

Education is an important factor which helps in bringing about social change. The factor of education being exogenous to reveal communication affects its structural components and facilitates the process of socials change Higher education began during the period of Britist Rule to educate member of elite group and professional lawyers, doctor, teachers etc. We will have to involve the instruction of higher education in planning for developments of there regions. In order to meet the challenges of new agenda of reform a considerable degree of residence dedication and imagination is needed.


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