Jayaprakash Narayan and Indira Gandhi, 1966–74: Before the Rivalry

When the Gandhian Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) gave the clarion call of Total Revolution, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi responded heavy-handedly by imposing the Emergency in India in 1974–5. This all-encompassing duel has dominated politics and political scholarship since. Their domestic clash has established many analytical prisms for the contemporary public sphere in India, particularly personality politics versus people’s power, single party versus coalition grouping, electoral democracy versus authoritarian dictatorship, and student/youth movements versus generational status quo. Simultaneously, it has also highlighted their differences in a way that has served to bury their affinities and agreements—not only on obscure matters. This article seeks to soften this dichotomy on the basis of their correspondence, and complemented by other primary material, to sketch their consensus in an earlier period. It shows that before their break, the socialist JP and the statist Indira Gandhi exhibited complementary stands on national issues regarding Nagaland, Kashmir and Bangladesh. This national nearness complicates their later adversarial politics on domestic issues, adds dimension to our understanding of the mid-1960s and mid-1970s, and contributes to contemporary understandings of their respective places in narratives of the state against society in India.

School strike for climate are leading the way: how their people power strategies are generating distinctive pathways for leadership development

Since November 2018, Australian high school climate strikers have become leaders in the movement for climate action, giving rise to a new generation of young people who have learnt how to lead change. This article focuses on the question of leadership across social movements and in global youth movements. It then investigates the different forms of leadership emerging in School Striker for Climate (SS4C) through a qualitative survey of its leaders. We argue that leadership is multifaceted, shaped by the different strategies that movements use to engage people in collective action. We present three different people power strategies – mobilising, organising and playing by the rules – and explore how these different strategies generate varied pathways for leadership development. We identify the strengths and limits of each strategy, and we find that peer learning, mentoring, learning by doing, confrontation, reflective spaces and training are important leadership development tools. This article’s greatest strength comes from the positionally of us as researchers – two of us are student strikers, and the third is an active supporter, giving us a distinctively engaged perspective on a powerful movement for change.

Anti-Imperialism and Kemalism in Turkey’s Long Sixties: Mahir Çayan’s Theory of Revolution in Context

This article aims to reassess the evolution of Mahir Çayan’s theory of uninterrupted revolution in the context of the radical ideological currents of the long sixties in Turkey. It concentrates on Çayan’s relations with the National Democratic Revolution (Milli Demokratik Devrim, mdd) movement that enjoyed a considerable degree of political and ideological authority over the youth movements starting in the second half of the 1960s. The article discusses how Çayan interpreted and attempted to revise the theory of national democratic revolution by reference to the changing characteristics of imperialism and colonial domination. Consideration is given to Çayan’s critical approach towards the role of Kemalists in the anti-imperialist bloc to be formed.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE “UNION OF THE RUSSIAN SOKOLSTVO” IN EMIGRATION IN THE 1920s AND 1930s YEARS

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the “Union of the Russian Sokolstvo” in emigration in the 1920s–1930s. Having found themselves in emigration, young people were forced to adapt to new conditions, while not losing their life orientations. Youth movements and associations played a special role in socialization of the younger generation and preserving its connection with the lost homeland. The most active Sokol movement in emigration developed in Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Basing on the analysis of archival and published sources and using general scientific methods, the article analyzes the activities carried out by the “Russian Sokol” in Czechoslovakia, the “Russian Sokol” in the Kingdom of the Serbs, the Croats and the Slovenes, and shows the reasons for creating the “Union of the Russian Sokolstvo”. The study emphasizes that participation of the Russian emigrants’ oncoming generation in the activities of Sokol associations contributed to preserving their national and cultural identity, the sense of belonging to the Russian history and the Russian people. It is noted that the “Union of the Russian Sokolstvo” held such events for the local population as exhibitions, where it was possible to get acquainted with the history of the organization, to learn about Russian traditions and to establish relationships between the emigrant youth and local residents. The analysis of sources demonstrated a unified structure of Sokol associations, strict admission rules. The analyzed practices of working with the oncoming generation in Sokol associations combined physical development and raising the young people in love to the motherland, contributed to the formation of national and cultural identity. Extending its activities not only to persons over the age of 18, but to teenagers as well, the Sokol movement helped to occupy the free time of a young man, cultivated the interest in studying and sports, which helped to protect young people from the influence of the “street”.

“CLIMATE JUSTICE IS RACIAL JUSTICE”: THE YOUTH CLIMATE MOVEMENT AND INTERSECTIONAL MEDIA ORGANIZING IN AN ALGORITHMIC SOCIETY

Before the Covid-19 pandemic struck, the world saw unprecedented levels of youth mobilization. From Black Lives Matter to March for Our Lives to the Youth Climate Strikes, the past decade saw young people leveraging social media to build movements around the world. Existing studies have shown how young people use social media to build movements in liberal democracies under the conditions of free assembly and association. However, since the global pandemic hit, young people (and others) have had to face various constraints to street mobilization. During the pandemic, as youth movements come to depend heavily on digital tools for organizing, social media platforms and algorithms may further complicate the process by which young people’s exercise political power. Using the broader youth climate movement as a case study, I examine how youth movements shift their tactics in response to the pandemic, and what the implications of shifting to the digital space are for the youth climate movement. This study draws on in-depth interviews with youth climate activists, along with digital ethnography and surveys, conducted between 2019 and 2021. Findings show that young climate organizers galvanized social media to shift to remote and hybrid organizing tactics. At the same time, inequalities introduced by social media platforms and algorithms became more acute for the youth movement.

New Religions and Youth Movements

The present article delineates a distinction between New Religious Movements (NRMs) and a specific category of youth movement—which we will designate as Youth Identity Movements (YIM)—that is frequently, but not invariably, an NRM. We will argue that this distinction has been missed in large part because of the overlap between the participants in these two movements. We will further point out that, back in the Seventies when new religions emerged as significant social phenomena, it would have been difficult to have distinguished religiously-oriented Youth Identity Movements from other New Religious Movements. It is only now, with the benefit of hindsight and the ageing of NRM memberships, that such movements can be brought into focus.

The significance of typography in the linguistic landscape of the 1960s and 1970s Hippie vs. Punk

This article looks at the use of letterings and typefaces in the linguistic landscape through a comparison of hippie and punk concert posters. After a general introduction, some definitions and an overview on the hippie and punk movements and the posters they produced, the article introduces the methodology employed, which consisted of both an analysis of the lettering used in hippie and punk posters and a survey carried out among a sample of students at Universiti Malaya (Kuala Lumpur). This is followed by an analysis and a discussion of the data, which have led to two main findings: not only were the antithetical ideas behind these two youth movements portrayed through the specific lettering and fonts used, but the latter feature specific traits that may be linked to our mental processes and possibly our limbic system, the most primordial part of our brain.

Culture-Led Urban Regeneration: How Does Melukis Harapan Catalyst The Transformation of Dolly Prostitution District?

The position of cultural regeneration to develop social and economic growth in a post-black economy district like a former sex leisure business is becoming a thought-provoking investigation. This research focuses on a specific observation to find the relationship between regeneration and former prostitution in culture-led urban reinforcement to develop through the creative industry? What are the influences behind the rise of culture-led borough redevelopment in such a place of ex-prostitution? This research used the post-positivism paradigm with qualitative method approach. Some of the opinions behind the growth of culture-led urban regeneration have linked not only in cultural icon and urban identity but also in community consolidation to support the creative industry elaboration. Further, the products of culture-led urban renewal, we can say youth movements, has the assumption to potentially advance the local cultural policy discourses within creative industry outcome. This research presents the effect of accepted place in Dolly, the ex-biggest well-organized prostitution in southeast Asia located in Surabaya, Indonesia. It implication is to show the result of observations and experiences conducted with the local youth community, Melukis Harapan, as a cultural flagship development subject that successfully transform Dolly into an education-tourism-based creative village.