This paper presents the concept of muscle-driven locomotion for planar snake robots, which combines the advantages of both rigid and soft robotic approaches to enhance the performance of snake robot locomotion. For this purpose, two adjacent links are connected by a pair of pneumatic artificial muscles wherein an alternate actuation of these soft actuators causes a rotational motion at the connecting joints. The muscle-based actuated linkage mechanism, as a closed six-linkage mechanism, was designed and prototyped. The linear motion and force generation of the pneumatic artificial muscle was experimentally characterized using isotonic and isometric contraction experiments. A predictive model was developed based on the experimental data to describe the relationship between the force–length–pressure of the PAMs. Additionally, the muscle-driven mechanism was kinematically and dynamically characterized based on both theoretical and experimental studies. The experimental data generally agreed with our model’s results and the generated joint angle and torque were comparable to the current snake-like robots. A skx-link planar snake robot with five joints, five pairs of antagonistic muscles, and an associated pneumatic controller was prototyped and examined for simple movements on a straight-line. We demonstrated the muscle-driven locomotion of the six-link snake robot, and the results show the feasibility of using the proposed mechanism for future explorations of snake robot locomotion.
Path Tracking of an Underwater Snake Robot and Locomotion Efficiency Optimization Based on Improved Pigeon-Inspired Algorithm
