animal brain
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanqun Mao ◽  
Yifei Xue ◽  
Wenliang Ji ◽  
Ying Jiang ◽  
Ping Yu

Author(s):  
Lanqun Mao ◽  
Yifei Xue ◽  
Wenliang Ji ◽  
Ying Jiang ◽  
Ping Yu

Author(s):  
Ahmad Alsayegh ◽  
Mohamad Bakhaidar ◽  
Alexander Winkler-Schwartz ◽  
Recai Yilmaz ◽  
Rolando F. Del Maestro

Author(s):  
Atousa Janzadeh ◽  
Zahra Behroozi ◽  
Farzaneh saliminia ◽  
Narges Janzadeh ◽  
Hossein Arzani ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 72116-72123
Author(s):  
Fabiano De Abreu Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  

NeuroImage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 118386
Author(s):  
Horea-Ioan Ioanas ◽  
Markus Marks ◽  
Valerio Zerbi ◽  
Mehmet Fatih Yanik ◽  
Markus Rudin

Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam ◽  
Hammad Ahmed ◽  
Tayyaba Mumtaz ◽  
Gahzal Hakani

Background: Parkinsons disease is a chronic neurological disorder which may be due to reduction in the dopaminergic neurons in the brain. However, Agaricus blazei is a rich source of natural antioxidants. Aim: In this study, antiparkinsonian activity of Agaricus blazei Murill was evaluated using different animal models. Method: Antiparkinsonian activity was evaluated using two different doses (273 mg/kg and 819 mg/kg) of Agaricus blazei Murill. Rotenone and sunflower oil were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Catalepsy test, rotarod test, exploratory behavior test (rearing) and locomotor activity test were conducted to observe antiparkinsonian activity of the drug in rats. Result: The results of the animal models were confirmed by determining the levels of reduced glutathione, total protein, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide in the animal brain. Pretreatment with Agaricus blazei Murill, showed marked reduction in rotenone-induced catalepsy and a significant increase in exploratory behavior, muscular activity, and locomotor activity in rats. Agaricus blazei Murill has also shown extremely significant effect in decreasing the oxidative stress in the animal brain by increasing the brain levels of reduced GSH and total proteins and decreasing the levels of nitrite and TBARS. Conclusion: The results of rotenone-induced catalepsy, exploratory behavior, rotarod test and locomotor activity showed that Agaricus blazei Murill exerts a significant ameliorative effect on Parkinson’s disease in rats.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunalika Jain ◽  
Megha Roy ◽  
Chaitanya A. Athale

Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic polymers vital for cellular physiology. Bulk tubulin polymerization is nucleation dependent, while individual filaments exhibit 'dynamic instability' driven by GTP hydrolysis rates. Although MTs assembled from well-studied animal brain tubulins have very comparable nucleation and GTP-hydrolysis rates, the kinetic rates of evolutionarily more distant species could diverge. Here we focus on a plant tubulin, the legume Vigna sp. (mung bean) to test the effect of kinetic diversification on MT polymerization. We activity purify tubulin from seedlings and find MT filaments are fewer and shorter than animal brain tubulin. We find mung tubulin polymerization kinetics is nucleation dependent with a high rate of GTP hydrolysis and a critical concentration lower than previously reported for tubulins. A computational model of the kinetics based on the relative influence of rates of nucleation and hydrolysis demonstrates increased rates of hydrolysis can affect MT filament numbers and their lengths, as compared to increasing nucleation rates. Our approach provides a framework to compare the effect of evolutionary diversification of MT nucleation and elongation.


SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A101-A102
Author(s):  
Selda Yildiz ◽  
Miranda Lim ◽  
Manoj Sammi ◽  
Katherine Powers ◽  
Charles Murchison ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction Cellular mechanisms underlying changes in small animal brain lactate concentrations have been investigated for more than 70 years and report sharp reductions in lactate (12-35%) during sleep or anesthesia relative to wakefulness. The goal of this study was to investigate alterations in human cerebral lactate concentrations across sleep-wake cycles. Toward this goal, we developed a novel non-invasive methodology, quantified changes in human cerebral lactate during sleep stages, and investigated potential mechanisms associated with changes in lactate. Methods Nine subjects (four females, five males; 21-27 y-o, mean age 24.2 ±2) were sleep deprived overnight, and underwent (5:45~11:00 am) experiments combining simultaneous MR-spectroscopy (MRS) and polysomnography (PSG) in a 3 T MR instrument using a 64-channel head/neck coil. A single voxel MRS (1H-MRS) acquired signals from a volume of interest (12~24 cm3) for every 7.5-s for 88~180-min. Lactate signal intensity was determined from each 7.5-s spectrum, normalized to corresponding water signal, and averaged over 30-s for each PSG epochs. Artifact corrected PSG data were scored for each 30-s epoch using the standard criteria and classified into one of four stages: W, N1, N2 and N3. Group mean lactate levels were quantified using LCModel. Three subjects returned for lactate diffusivity measurements using diffusion-sensitized PRESS MRS sequence. Results Compared to W, group mean lactate levels within each sleep stage showed a reduction of [4.9 ± 4.9] % in N1, [10.4 ± 5.2] % in N2, and [24.0 ± 5.8] % in N3. We observed a significant decrease in lactate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) accompanied by reduced brain lactate in sleep compared to wake (P<0.002). There were no differences in ADC values between wake and sleep for H2O, NAA, tCr, or Cho. Conclusion This is the first in-vivo report of alterations in human brain lactate concentrations across sleep-wake cycles. Observed decline in lactate levels during sleep compared to wakefulness is consistent with, and extends results from invasive small animal brain studies first reported more than 70 years ago, and support the notion of altered lactate metabolism and/or increased glymphatic activity in sleeping human brain. Support (if any) The Paul. G. Allen Family Foundation funded the study.


Author(s):  
Mohsin Zafar ◽  
James I. Matchynski ◽  
Rayyan Manwar ◽  
Seyed M. Ranjbaran ◽  
Alana C. Conti ◽  
...  

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