Freedom of Live Satellite Transmission and its Effect on State Sovereignty

Direct broadcasting through satellite raises a great problem if it is freed the information and programs without limits and restrictions, because it carries risks to the sovereignty of the receiving state. These risks caused by broadcasting programs and information that affect the political, social, cultural, economic, and other risks that befall the receiving country. This led to a conflict between the principle of state sovereignty and the principle of freedom of information flow which is the legal basis for freedom of direct satellite broadcasting and also led to the division of states between a supporter of freedom of direct satellite broadcasting and its primacy over the principle of state sovereignty and opposition to it. This research came to shed light on this problem of an attempt to address and resolve this conflict, by presenting the issue of freedom of direct satellite broadcasting and its impact on the sovereignty of the state within the framework of the rules of public international law to clarify the principles and provisions of international agreements and covenants and decisions related to this topic, as well as a preview of Juristic views and the states’ opinion.

Correction and Accuracy of High- and Low-Resolution CTD Data from Animal-Borne Instruments

Most available CTD Satellite Relay Data Logger (CTD-SRDL) profiles are heavily compressed before satellite transmission. High-resolution profiles recorded at the sampling frequency of 0.5 Hz are, however, available upon physical retrieval of the logger. Between 2014 and 2018, several loggers deployed on elephant seals in the Southern Ocean have been set in continuous recording mode, capturing both the ascent and descent for over 60 profiles per day during several months, opening new horizons for the physical oceanography community. Taking advantage of a new dataset made of seven such loggers, a postprocessing procedure is proposed and validated to improve the quality of all CTD-SRDL data: that is, both high-resolution profiles and compressed low-resolution ones. First, temperature and conductivity are corrected for a thermal mass effect. Then salinity spiking and density inversion are removed by adjusting salinity while leaving temperature unchanged. This method, applied here to more than 50 000 profiles, yields significant and systematic improvements in both temperature and salinity, particularly in regions of rapid temperature variation. The continuous high-resolution dataset is then used to provide updated accuracy estimates of CTD-SRDL data. For high-resolution data, accuracies are estimated to be of ±0.02°C for temperature and ±0.03 g kg−1 for salinity. For low-resolution data, transmitted data points have similar accuracies; however, reconstructed temperature profiles have a reduced accuracy associated with the vertical interpolation of ±0.04°C and a nearly unchanged salinity accuracy of ±0.03 g kg−1.