Study on the host–guest complex of dicyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril and 2-phenylbenzimidazole, and its recognition effect toward Fe 3+

This paper has selected dicyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CyH 2 Q[6]) as the host and 2-phenylbenzimidazole ( G ) as the guest to investigate the host–guest interaction mode between CyH 2 Q[6] and G . Under acidic conditions, the complex was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that the molecular ratio of CyH 2 Q[6] to G is 2 : 1. The crystals were cultured with ZnCl 2 as a structural inducer under acidic conditions and single crystal X-ray diffraction showed that the molecular ratio of CyH 2 Q[6] to G is 1 : 3. The G@CyH 2 Q[6] was used as a fluorescent probe to identify metal cations. The probe exhibits a good selective recognition effect toward Fe 3+ ions, which involves a reduced fluorescence intensity with a limit of detection of 1.321 × 10 –6 mol l –1 .

A method for measuring the molecular ratio of inhalation to exhalation and effect of inspired oxygen levels on oxygen consumption

Using a new method for measuring the molecular ratio (R) of inhalation to exhalation, we investigated the effect of high fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) on oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide generation (VCO2), and respiratory quotient (RQ) in mechanically ventilated rats. Twelve rats were equally assigned into two groups by anesthetics: intravenous midazolam/fentanyl vs. inhaled isoflurane. R, VO2, VCO2, and RQ were measured at FIO2 0.3 or 1.0. R error was ± 0.003. R was 1.0099 ± 0.0023 with isoflurane and 1.0074 ± 0.0018 with midazolam/fentanyl. R was 1.0081 ± 0.0017 at an FIO2 of 0.3 and 1.0092 ± 0.0029 at an FIO2 of 1.0. There were no differences in VCO2 among the groups. VO2 increased at FIO2 1.0, which was more notable when midazolam/fentanyl was used (isoflurane-FIO2 0.3: 15.4 ± 1.1; isoflurane-FIO2 1.0: 17.2 ± 1.8; midazolam/fentanyl-FIO2 0.3: 15.4 ± 1.1; midazolam/fentanyl-FIO2 1.0: 21.0 ± 2.2 mL/kg/min at STP). The RQ was lower at FIO2 1.0 than FIO2 0.3 (isoflurane-FIO2 0.3: 0.80 ± 0.07; isoflurane-FIO2 1.0: 0.71 ± 0.05; midazolam/fentanyl-FIO2 0.3: 0.79 ± 0.03; midazolam/fentanyl-FIO2 1.0: 0.59 ± 0.04). R was not affected by either anesthetics or FIO2. Inspired 100% O2 increased VO2 and decreased RQ, which might be more remarkable when midazolam/fentanyl was used.

Physicochemical Characterization of Polysaccharides with Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activities Isolated from Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

In this study, four polysaccharide fractions designated as RGP1, RGP2, RGP3, and RGP4 were isolated from red ginseng by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography, and their macrophage immunomodulatory activities were investigated. The results revealed that the proliferation, NO production, and neutral red phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in groups treated with RGP1 and RGP2 in vitro were increased significantly compared to RGP3 and RGP4. In addition, the level of TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells was significantly increased in RGP1 and RGP2 groups. All the results consistently indicated that polysaccharide fractions RGP1 and RGP2 had strong macrophage immunomodulatory activities. Furthermore, RGP1 and RGP2 were purified by Sephadex G-100 column and RGP2 was further fractionated into a homogeneous fraction RGP2-1, with the molecular weight of 2.16 × 104 Da. The analysis of monosaccharide composition revealed that RGP1 was composed of arabinose, glucose, and galactose with a relative molecular ratio of 0.02 : 0.88 : 0.10. RGP2-1 was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose with a relative molecular ratio of 0.02 : 0.10 : 0.77 : 0.11. These results provided evidences that the neutral polysaccharide fractions RGP1 and RGP2 possessed significant immunomodulatory activity and could be explored as a promising natural immunomodulating agent applied in functional foods or medicines.

Synthesis of Passerini adducts from aldehydes and isocyanides under the auxiliary of water

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of the Passerini adducts α-acyloxycarboxamides from aldehydes, isocyanides and water in a molecular ratio of 3 : 1 : 3 was described.