EARRINGS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF THE UPPER VOLGA OF THE XIV-XVIII CENTURIES

В статье характеризуются находки серег XIV-XVIII вв. из раскопок археологических памятников бассейна Верхней Волги. На основании конструкции автор выделяет серьги цельной (серьги в виде вопросительного знака) и составной конструкций (серьги с подвесками различных форм). Среди серег в виде вопросительного знака выделены украшения с коротким и удлинённым стержнем; из равномерной проволоки и с удлинённым стержнем из тонкой проволоки. Среди серег составной конструкции выделены украшения с подвесками в виде стержней (одинцы, двойчатки), серьги-голубцы, серьги с щитковыми и объёмными фигурными подвесками. Выявлены аналогии в изобразительном материале XIV-XIX вв. Высказано предположение, что серьги в виде вопросительного знака с удлиненным стержнем из тонкой проволоки могут датироваться второй половиной XVI - началом XVII в. The article describes the finds of earrings of the 14th-18th centuries from the excavations of the archaeological sites located in the basin of the Upper Volga. On the basis of the design, two groups of earrings are distinguished: a single construction (question mark shaped earrings) and a composite construction (earrings with suspensions of various shapes). Within the groups, types of earrings are distinguished by the features of the shape and decor of the suspension. The jewelry with a short and elongated rod; made of uniform wire and with elongated rod made of thin wire are among the question mark shaped earrings. The jewelry with suspensions in the form of rods (lids, doubles), earrings-«golubtsy», earrings with shield and volumetric figured suspensions are distinguished among the earrings of the composite costruction. A chronology of the individual finds is given. The analogies have been identified in the pictorial material of the 14th-19th centuries. It has been suggested that the question mark shaped earrings with an elongated rod of thin wire can date from the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. In women's dress, the earrings could be worn in two ways: in the ears and suspended from the headdress.

Economic and Functional Feasibility of Concrete Encased Composite Columns in Buildings

Modern day construction is widely influenced using concrete-steel composite columns. A lot of research on concrete-steel composite columns is being carried out around the world. The rapid growth in concrete-steel composite construction has widely decreased the use of conventional reinforced cement concrete construction (R.C.C), and the steel construction practices. The concrete-steel composite construction has obtained an extensive receiving around the globe. As Pakistan is a developing country, so, it is relatively a new concept for its construction industry when compared with the developed countries around the globe. Although, the R.C.C construction is suitable and economical for construction of framing systems of low-rise buildings, however, the increased dead load, span restrictions, less stiffness and risky formwork makes it uneconomical and unviable when it comes across the construction of intermediate to high-rise buildings. This research is an effort to learn the cost effectiveness, increased or decreased stiffness, and change on the functionality of the composite construction for intermediate to high-rise buildings constructed in Pakistan. A Base + Ground + 11 storey commercial building is selected for this study. A comparison is made between conventional R.C.C columns structure and concrete-encased composite columns structure. The equivalent static nonlinear analysis is performed using ETABS 2017 software. Although, for Base + Ground + 11 storey building, the construction cost of concrete-encased composite structure is 7.7% more than the conventional R.C.C columns structure, but the concrete-encased composite structure will have 13.013% more constructed floor area. This increased floor area helps to settle the cost difference between the two structures.