Coefficients Calculation of Laurent Series in the Neighborhood of Complex Variable Function Poles

The theory of complex function is a key part of mathematics, which can solve the complex problems in production and life. It is of great significance to extend the research field of complex function theory. In this paper, taking a complex variable function as the research object, a calculation method of Laurent series coefficient of complex function pole neighborhood expansion was proposed to determine the complex variable function pole, determine the order of complex variable function pole, calculate the residue of high-order pole in complex variable function, thus judging the attribute of complex variable function. In this regard, the coefficient formula was used to calculate the coefficients of Laurent series in the neighborhood of the complex variable function poles.

The Grassmannian-like coset model and the higher spin currents

In the Grassmannian-like coset model, $$ \frac{\mathrm{SU}{\left(N+M\right)}_k}{\mathrm{SU}{(N)}_k\times \mathrm{U}{(1)}_{kNM\left(N+M\right)}} $$ SU N + M k SU N k × U 1 kNM N + M , Creutzig and Hikida have found the charged spin-2, 3 currents and the neutral spin-2, 3 currents previously. In this paper, as an extension of Gaberdiel-Gopakumar conjecture found ten years ago, we calculate the operator product expansion (OPE) between the charged spin-2 current and itself, the OPE between the charged spin-2 current and the charged spin-3 current and the OPE between the neutral spin-3 current and itself for generic N, M and k. From the second OPE, we obtain the new charged quasi primary spin-4 current while from the last one, the new neutral primary spin-4 current is found implicitly. The infinity limit of k in the structure constants of the OPEs is described in the context of asymptotic symmetry of MM matrix generalization of AdS3 higher spin theory. Moreover, the OPE between the charged spin-3 current and itself is determined for fixed (N, M) = (5, 4) with arbitrary k up to the third order pole. We also obtain the OPEs between charged spin-1, 2, 3 currents and neutral spin-3 current. From the last OPE, we realize that there exists the presence of the above charged quasi primary spin-4 current in the second order pole for fixed (N, M) = (5, 4). We comment on the complex free fermion realization.

A Variance Inequality for Meromorphic Functions Under Exterior Probability

The problem of measuring an unbounded system attribute near a singularity has been discussed. Lenses have been introduced as formal objects to study increasingly precise measurements around the singularity and a specific family of lenses called Exterior probabilities have been investigated. It has been shown that under such probabilities, measurement variance of a measurable function around a 1st order pole on a complex manifold, consists of two separable parts - one that decreases with diminishing scale of the lenses, and the other that increases. It has been discussed how this framework can lend mathematical support to ideas of non-deterministic uncertainty prevalent at a quantum scale. In fact, the aforementioned variance decomposition allows for a minimum possible variance for such a system irrespective of how close the measurements are. This inequality is structurally similar to Heisenberg uncertainty relationship if one considers energy/momentum to be a meromorphic function of a complex spacetime.

Design of an integer order proportional–integral/proportional–integral–derivative controller based on model parameters of a certain class of fractional order systems

In this study, we deal with systems that can be represented by single fractional order pole models and propose an integer order proportional–integral/proportional–integral–derivative controller design methodology for this class. The basic principle or backbone of the design methodology of the proposed controller relies on using the inverse of the fractional model and then approximating this fractional controller transfer function by a low integer order model using Oustaloup filter. The emerging integer order controller reveals itself either in pre-filtered proportional–integral or proportional–integral–derivative form by emphasizing on the dominancy concept of pole-zero configuration. Parameters of the proposed controllers depend on the parameters of the single fractional order pole model and the only free design parameter left is the overall controller gain. This free design parameter is determined via some approximating functions relying on an optimization procedure. Simulation results show that the proposed controller exhibits either satisfactory or better results with respect to some performance indices and time domain criteria when they are compared to classical integer order proportional–integral–derivative and fractional order proportional–integral–derivative controllers. Moreover, the proposed controller is applied to real-time liquid level control system. The application results show that the proposed controller outperforms the other controllers.