Transcriptional Association between mRNAs and Their Paired Natural Antisense Transcripts Following Fusarium oxysporum Inoculation in Brassica rapa L.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in abiotic and biotic stress responses; however, studies on the mechanism of regulation of lncRNA expression are limited in plants. The present study examined the relationship between lncRNA expression level and two active histone modifications (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) in Brassica rapa. Both histone marks were enriched in the chromatin regions encoding lncRNAs, especially around the transcription start site. The transcription level of long intergenic noncoding RNAs was positively associated with the level of H3K4me3 and H3K36me3, while this association was not observed in natural antisense RNAs (NATs) and intronic noncoding RNAs. As coordinate expression of mRNAs and paired NATs under biotic stress treatment has been identified, the transcriptional relationship between mRNAs and their paired NATs following Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Foc) inoculation was examined. A positive association of expression levels between mRNAs and their paired NATs following Foc inoculation was observed. This association held for several defense-response-related genes and their NAT pairs. These results suggest that coordinate expression of mRNAs and paired NATs plays a role in the defense response against Foc.

On the Coordinate Expression “A and B” from the Perspective of Cognitive Grammar

The coordinate expression of “A and B” formed by the coordinate conjunction “and” shows a variety of syntactic features and semantic relations. Based on the research of scholars at home and abroad the paper argues that the cognitive grammatical research outweighs other theoretical views on the researches of the internal motivations of complex phenomena. It further points out that A and B are parallel in grammar and semantics，and “A and B” is polysemous.

Coordinate expression loss of GKN1 and GKN2 in gastric cancer via impairment of a glucocorticoid-responsive enhancer

Gastrokine 2 (GKN2) is an anti-inflammatory protein produced by the gastric epithelium. GKN2 expression is progressively lost during gastric cancer (GC), which is believed to play a casual role in GC development. Here, we use bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic studies to identify a glucocorticoid-responsive enhancer element that likely governs expression of GKN1/GKN2, which, via parallel expression loss of the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid receptor, reveals a novel mechanism to explain the loss of GKN2 during GC pathogenesis.

CYTOKERATIN PROFILES OF CANINE ANAL SAC AND HEPATOID GLAND NEOPLASMS

Ten adenocarcinomas of the apocrine gland of the anal sac and 11 hepatoid gland neoplasms were studied to determine the coordinate expression of cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and cytokeratin 14 (CK14) using commercially available antibodies. Hepatoid gland neoplasms included hepatoid gland adenomas, carcinomas and a single epithelioma. All 10 (100%) adenocarcinomas of the apocrine gland of the anal sac had CK7[Formula: see text]/CK14[Formula: see text] immunophenotype, whereas all 11 (100%) of hepatoid neoplasms expressed CK7[Formula: see text]/CK14[Formula: see text] immunophenotype. Hepatoid gland adenomas, carcinomas, and epithelioma could not be differentiated based on the cytokeratin immunophenotype. Hepatoid gland neoplasms could be differentiated from adenocarcinomas of the apocrine gland of the anal sac by differences in the CK7/CK14 immunophenotypes with a [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]. The results of this study provide further support for the use of coordinate expression of CK7/CK14 to differentiate apocrine gland adenocarcinomas of the anal sac (CK7[Formula: see text]/CK14[Formula: see text]) from hepatoid gland neoplasms (CK7[Formula: see text]/CK14[Formula: see text]).