Fentanyl Iontophoresis Can Facilitate Early Physiotherapy in Post Surgical Acute Pain: A Literature Review

Background: Iontophoresis is a technique of transferring ions into the tissues through the skin by using direct current. It can serve as a substitute for chemical enhancer, eliminates toxicity and adverse reaction formulation problems associated with chemical enhancer. Purpose: The purpose of this literature is to review the studies to see the effectiveness of Fentanyl Iontophoresis in the post operative acute pain and also to find out whether it helps in facilitating the physiotherapy in the post operative acute phase. Methods and Materials: The database literature search was carried out in the electronic database - Medline, and Research gate. Iontophoresis, Post-operative acute pain, Fentanyl Iontophoresis were the key words used to search in the electronic database. Randomized control trials, systematic review, meta-analysis, and case studies included into the review. Conclusion: Fentanyl iontophoresis system offers safety advantages in terms of opioid related drug adverse events (ORADEs) compared with morphine (iv) patient controlled analgesia for the management of acute postoperative pain. Fentanyl iontophoresis is highly potent and capable in relieving the post operative acute pain. This system of transferring ions into the tissues through the skin can play important role in initiating early physiotherapy and improve the mobility and functional limitations of the patient. Key words: Iontophoresis, Post-operative acute pain, Fentanyl Iontophoretic System.

Chemical Enhancement for Retrofitting Moving Bed Biofilm and Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge Systems into Membrane Bioreactors

Positive effects of retrofitting MBBR and IFAS systems into MBRs can be exploited by introducing chemical enhancement applying coagulants in the membrane separation step. The current study reports basic principles of chemical enhancement with aluminium sulphate coagulant in biofilm-MBR (Bf-MBR) based on results of total recycle tests performed at different dosages of the chemical enhancer and properties characterization of filtrates, supernatants and sediments. It demonstrates a possibility to achieve lower membrane fouling rates with dosing of aluminium sulphate coagulant into MBBR and IFAS mixed liquors by extending operational cycles by 20 and 80 time respectively as well as increasing operating permeability of membrane separation by 1.3 times for IFAS. It has been found that charge neutralization is the dominating mechanism of aluminium sulphate action as a chemical enhancer in Bf-MBR, however, properties of the membrane surface influencing charge repulsion of foulants should be considered together with the secondary ability of the coagulant to improve consolidation of sediments.

Influence of Chemical Enhancers and Iontophoresis on the In Vitro Transdermal Permeation of Propranolol: Evaluation by Dermatopharmacokinetics

The aims of this study were to assess, in vitro, the possibility of administering propranolol transdermally and to evaluate the usefulness of the dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) method in assessing the transport of drugs through stratum corneum, using propranolol as a model compound. Four chemical enhancers (decenoic and oleic acid, laurocapram, and R-(+)-limonene) and iontophoresis at two current densities, 0.25 and 0.5 mA/cm2 were tested. R-(+)-limonene, and iontophoresis at 0.5 mA/cm2 were proven to be the most efficient in increasing propranolol transdermal flux, both doubled the original propranolol transdermal flux. Iontophoresis was demonstrated to be superior than the chemical enhancer because it allowed faster delivery of the drug. The DPK method was sufficiently sensitive to detect subtle vehicle-induced effects on the skin permeation of propranolol. The shorter duration of these experiments and their ability to provide mechanistic information about partition between vehicle and skin and diffusivity through skin place them as practical and potentially insightful approach to quantify and, ultimately, optimize topical bioavailability.