Hominin Femur finding from Banjarejo: Its morphological character and taxonomical position

Recently, Banjarejo became an important prehistoric site for Quaternary research because of its significant faunal and hominin remains. This study aims to describe a new finding of the hominin femur specimen from the site and its taxonomical position in human evolution. The specimen was identified by morphological and metric descriptions of the external feature of the femur. Then, comparative study to Homo erectus (n=2), Homo neanderthalensis (n=8), Homo heidelbergensis (n=1), prehistoric Homo sapiens (n=44), Australopithecus africanus (n=1), Paranthropus robustus (n=2), also non-human primate including Pongo (n=1), Macaca (n=1) and Gibbon (n=1) using bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis presented the specimen in the evolutionary perspective. This study shows the morphological and metric character of Banjarejo specimen located between Homo erectus and prehistoric Homo sapiens population sample. Further study should be addressed to investigate the cultural and chronological context of the hominin specimen.

Les restes mandibulaires d’Homo neanderthalensis d’Archi, Caverna delle Fate et Guattari

Ce livre est une révision de restes mandibulaires fossiles découverts dans la péninsule italienne il y a plusieurs dizaines d’années et attribués à Homo neanderthalensis. Il s’agit d’une description exhaustive de ces spécimens dans le but de les replacer dans leur contexte évolutif à travers l’utilisation de différentes approches méthodologiques.

Human species and mating systems: Neandertal-Homo sapiens reproductive isolation and the archaeological and fossil records

The present paper examined the assumption of strong reproductive isolation (RI) between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens, as well as the question of what form it might have taken, using insights from the parallel case of chimpanzee–bonobo hybridization. RI from hybrid sterility or inviability was thought unlikely based on the short separation-to-introgression timeline. The forms of RI that typically develop in primates have relatively short timelines (especially for partial implementation); they generally preclude mating or influence hybrid survival and reproduction in certain contexts, and they have the potential to skew introgression directionality. These RI barriers are also consistent with some interpretations of the archaeological and fossil records, especially when behavioral, cognitive, morphological, and genetic differences between the two human species are taken into consideration. Differences potentially influencing patterns of survival and reproduction include interspecies violence, Neandertal xenophobia, provisioning behavior, and ontogenetic, morphological, and behavioral differences affecting matters such as kin and mate recognition, infanticide, and sexual selection. These factors may have skewed the occurrence of interbreeding or the survival and reproduction of hybrids in a way that might at least partially explain the pattern of introgression.

El Parque Tecnológico del Valle de los Neandertales (el Calvero de la Higuera, Pinilla del Valle, Comunidad de Madrid)

Los yacimientos del Calvero de la Higuera (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid) son un referente para comprender la forma de vida, relación con el medio y capacidad simbólica de los grupos de neandertales que habitaron este territorio durante el Pleistoceno Superior. Los trabajos arqueológicos que, sobre todo desde 2002, se desarrollan en dicho enclave, situado en la región montañosa del Valle Alto del Río Lozoya en la Sierra madrileña, han permitido reconstruir el ambiente, flora y fauna del entorno. La existencia en el promontorio de 5 yacimientos con diferentes modelos de ocupación convierte este lugar en único, porque permite explicar en un solo lugar toda una serie de aspectos que se suelen encontrar dispersos. La divulgación de los descubrimientos, así como de las especiales características de la especie Homo neanderthalensis, ha sido, desde un principio, algo prioritario para el proyecto. De esa manera, en 2015 se inauguró el Parque Arqueológico del Valle de los Neandertales y ya se cuenta con el proyecto para la construcción del Centro de Interpretación de los yacimientos. La continuación de las excavaciones, junto con la intensificación de las labores divulgativas, convertirá a Pinilla del Valle en un lugar de referencia de la oferta cultural en el valle.

Aproximación y comparativa en el estudio dental de diversas poblaciones prehistóricas

El presente trabajo busca mostrar, en primer lugar, las características morfológicas dentales de las especies Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens, denisovanos y Homo floresiensis. A partir de ello, el segundo objetivo principal es lograr un análisis comparativo de dichas morfologías entre las especies Homo sapiens y Homo neanderthalensis. A través de la antropología dental, el hallazgo de restos dentales en los yacimientos arqueológicos ha supuesto y supone un notable aumento de la información extraíble de estas poblaciones humanas. Gracias a ella, se ha podido extraer evidencias acerca de la dieta, de enfermedades y patologías bucales, de la evolución de la mandíbula y por consiguiente del tamaño de la parte craneoencefálica, o incluso de las dimensiones corporales de los individuos. La genética ha mostrado que algunas poblaciones actuales comparten cier tos genes antiguos, presentes en el ADN, con especies como los denisovanos, especialmente en el sureste asiático y Oceanía. Se tratará asimismo el fenómeno de la hibridación entre especies, un hecho que parece cada vez más evidente entre especies y que influyó en gran medida en los rasgos morfológicos de estos grupos humanos. Por último, el descubrimiento de especies como Homo floresiensis plantea que la evolución tomó caminos muy dispares, todos ellos reflejados en la dentición de estos homininos y, demostrando, por tanto, que queda todavía mucho por conocer en evolución humana.

Tooth chipping patterns in Paranthropus do not support regular hard food mastication

The paranthropines, including Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus, have often been considered hard-food specialists. The large post-canine teeth, thick enamel, and robust craniofacial features are often suggested to have evolved to cope with habitual mastication of hard foods. Yet, direct evidence for Paranthropus feeding behaviour often challenges these morphological interpretations. The main exception being antemortem tooth chipping which is still regularly used as evidence of habitual mastication of hard foods in this genus. In this study, data were compiled from the literature for six hominin species (including P. boisei and P. robustus) and 17 extant primate species, to analyse Paranthropus chipping patterns in a broad comparative framework. Severity of fractures, position on the dentition, and overall prevalence were compared among species. The results indicate that both Paranthropus species had a lower prevalence of tooth fractures compared to other fossil hominin species (P. boisei: 4%; P. robustus: 11%; Homo naledi: 37%; Australopithecus africanus: 17%; Homo neanderthalensis: 45%; Epipalaeolithic Homo sapiens: 29%); instead, their frequencies are similar to apes that masticate hard items in a non-regular frequency, including chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas (4%, 7% and 9% respectively). The prevalence is several times lower than in extant primates known to habitually consume hard items, such as sakis, mandrills, and sooty mangabeys (ranging from 28% to 48%). Comparative chipping analysis suggests that both Paranthropus species were unlikely habitual hard object eaters, at least compared to living durophage analogues.

Hominin Footprints in Caves from Romanian Carpathians

The Romanian karst hosts numerous caves and shelters that over time provided remarkable archaeological and anthropological vestiges. Altogether they show that humans must have entered caves in Romania at least as early as 170,000 years ago. However, ancient human footprints are very rare in the fossil record of East-Central Europe, with only two known locations in the Apuseni Mountains of western Romania. Vârtop Cave site originally preserved three fossil footprints made about 67,800 years ago by a Homo neanderthalensis, whereas Ciur Izbuc Cave was probably home of early H. sapiens that left almost 400 footprints (interspersed with spoors of cave bears), which were indirectly dated to be younger than ~36,500 years.